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Cancer Biology III: Tumor Microenvironment
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Cancer Biology III: Tumor Microenvironment

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@StatelyTriangle

Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the tumor microenvironment in cancer development?

  • To facilitate tumor growth and progression (correct)
  • To suppress tumor growth and progression
  • To maintain tissue homeostasis
  • To promote immune responses against tumor cells

    • Which of the following is NOT a key component of the tumor microenvironment?

  • Cancer cells
  • Immune cells
  • Neuronal cells (correct)
  • Stem cells

    • What is the result of the interaction between cancer cells and the components of the tumor microenvironment?

  • Tumor growth and progression (correct)
  • Tumor suppression
  • Immune tolerance
  • Tissue inflammation

    • What is the role of cancer cells in the tumor microenvironment?

    <p>To drive tumor growth and progression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of the tumor microenvironment?

    <p>Complex and dynamic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of the tumor microenvironment on tumor development?

    <p>It facilites tumor growth and progression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of altered ECM in the tumor microenvironment?

    <p>It enhances tumor cell proliferation, migration, and invasion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the association of the tumor microenvironment with cancer development?

    <p>Tumor growth and progression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of signaling molecules in the tumor microenvironment?

    <p>To promote tumor growth and progression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of signaling molecule in the TME?

    <p>Hormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of CD4+ T helper 2 cells in the TME?

    <p>Immune escape</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of tumor hypoxia in the TME?

    <p>Increased angiogenesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following cell types is associated with immune control in the TME?

    <p>CD4+ T helper 1 cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of M1 macrophages in the TME?

    <p>Immune activation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of fibroblasts in the tumor microenvironment?

    <p>Producing extracellular matrix components and secreting growth factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of the immunosuppressive TME?

    <p>High presence of Tregs and M2 macrophages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of signaling molecules in the TME?

    <p>They support tumor growth and promote immune evasion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of macrophages promotes tumor growth and metastasis?

    <p>M2 type</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of pericytes in the tumor microenvironment?

    <p>Supporting and stabilizing blood vessels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of VEGF in the tumor microenvironment?

    <p>Facilitating angiogenesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cells present antigens to T cells, initiating immune responses?

    <p>Dendritic cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of endothelial cells in the tumor microenvironment?

    <p>Forming blood vessels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the extracellular matrix (ECM) in the tumor microenvironment?

    <p>Providing structural support and regulating signaling pathways</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells (MDSCs) in the tumor microenvironment?

    <p>Suppressing the immune response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary consequence of cancer cells downregulating the expression of MHC molecules?

    <p>Suppressed tumor antigen presentation by professional APC</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of Regulatory T Cells (Tregs) in the context of cancer?

    <p>Suppress the immune response against cancer cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells (MDSCs) in the context of cancer?

    <p>Inhibit the function of T cells and NK cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following strategies is used by cancer cells to evade the immune system?

    <p>Downregulation of MHC molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of cancer cells suppressing tumor antigen presentation by professional APC?

    <p>Difficulty for T cells to recognize and attack cancer cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which cancer cells create an immunosuppressive environment?

    <p>Recruitment and retention of suppressive Tregs and MDSCs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following cells is responsible for inhibiting the function of T cells and NK cells?

    <p>MDSCs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary consequence of altered antigen presentation by cancer cells?

    <p>Difficulty for T cells to recognize and attack cancer cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of Transforming Growth Factor-beta (TGF-β)?

    <p>Inhibits T cell proliferation and function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following cytokines suppresses the activity of T cells and NK cells?

    <p>IL-10</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of the binding of CTLA-4 to its ligands on T cell activation?

    <p>Inhibits T cell activation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of PD-L1 expressed by tumors?

    <p>Inhibits T cell activation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of suppressive Tregs and MDSCs in the immune response?

    <p>They inhibit the activity of T cells and NK cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of IL-4 on the immune response?

    <p>It stimulates T cell proliferation and function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase in the immune response?

    <p>It inhibits the activity of T cells and NK cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of prostaglandins on the immune response?

    <p>They inhibit the activity of T cells and NK cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Tumor Microenvironment (TME)

    • The TME is a complex and dynamic environment surrounding a tumor, comprising various cells, signaling molecules, and the extracellular matrix.
    • It plays a critical role in tumor development, progression, metastasis, and response to therapy.

    Key Components of the TME

    • Cancer cells: primary malignant cells that drive tumor growth and progression.
    • Stromal cells:
      • Fibroblasts: produce extracellular matrix components and secrete growth factors.
      • Endothelial cells: form blood vessels that supply nutrients and oxygen to the tumor.
      • Pericytes: support and stabilize blood vessels.
    • Immune cells:
      • T cells: can attack cancer cells but often become suppressed or exhausted.
      • Macrophages: can be tumor-promoting (M2 type) or tumor-suppressing (M1 type).
      • Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs): promote tumor growth and metastasis by creating an immunosuppressive environment.
      • Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells (MDSCs): suppress the immune response.
      • Dendritic cells: present antigens to T cells, initiating immune responses.
      • Natural Killer (NK) cells: attack and kill cancer cells.
    • Blood vessels and angiogenesis:
      • Formation of new blood vessels to supply the growing tumor with nutrients and oxygen.
      • Facilitated by endothelial cells and pericytes, often driven by VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor).
    • Extracellular matrix (ECM):
      • Proteins like collagen, fibronectin, and proteoglycans.
      • Provides structural support and regulates signaling pathways.
      • Altered ECM can enhance tumor cell proliferation, migration, and invasion.
    • Signaling molecules:
      • Cytokines, chemokines, growth factors (e.g., TGF-β, IL-6, IL-10, VEGF).
      • Mediate communication between cancer cells and TME components.
      • Support tumor growth, immune evasion, angiogenesis, and metastasis.

    Association of TME in Cancer Development

    • The presence of immune cells like CD4+ T helper 1, CD8+ T cells, natural killer cells, and M1 macrophages is correlated with immune control.
    • The presence of immune cells like CD4+ T helper 2, CD4+ regulatory T cells, M2 macrophages, and myeloid-derived suppressor cells forms a complex network that supports immune escape.

    Immune Evasion Strategies Used by Tumor Cells

    • Alteration of antigen presentation:
      • Cancer cells can downregulate expression of MHC molecules that present tumor antigens to T-cells.
      • Suppress tumor antigen presentation by professional APC, thereby avoiding recognition by T-cells.
    • Recruitment of immunosuppressive cells:
      • Tumors create an immunosuppressive environment by recruitment and retention of suppressive Tregs and MDSCs.
    • Secretion of immunosuppressive cytokines:
      • Secretion of immune-regulating or suppressive cytokines (IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, and IL-13) and mediators (prostaglandins, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase) by suppressive Tregs and MDSCs.
    • Expression of immune checkpoint molecules:
      • Dysregulation of T-cell checkpoint pathways, including expression of PD-L1 by tumors, sends negative signals to tumor-specific T cells, causing T cell inactivation.

    Interaction between Costimulatory and Immune Checkpoint Ligand-receptor

    • Interaction between costimulatory molecules (e.g., CD28, CD80) and immune checkpoint ligand-receptor (e.g., PD-1, PD-L1) regulates T cell function and immune response.

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    Description

    This quiz covers the key components of the Tumor Microenvironment (TME) and its association with cancer development. It also explores immune evasion strategies used by tumor cells and their interactions.

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