Questions and Answers
What are auscultation, palpation, and percussion used for?
They are techniques used in physical examinations.
The simplest units of life are called ______.
cells
What type of feedback loop increases the effect of a stimulus?
Match the following types of reactions with their definitions:
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What is homeostasis?
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The head is inferior to the abdomen.
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What do the terms hydrophobic and hydrophilic refer to?
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What does selectively permeable mean?
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Hypertonic solutions have a ______ concentration of solutes compared to the cell.
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What is the law of complementary base pairing?
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Which of the following are purines?
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What is a karyotype?
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Describe the process of mitosis.
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Where do transcription and translation occur?
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What is an allele?
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Study Notes
Exam Overview
- First exam scheduled for Friday, 9/20; emphasis on understanding concepts rather than memorizing facts
- Application of knowledge is crucial in anatomy and physiology
Key Concepts and Terminology
- Auscultation, Palpation, Percussion: Techniques used in physical examination
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Hierarchy of Biological Organization:
- Order: Atoms → Molecules → Cells → Tissues → Organs → Organ Systems → Organism
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Major Sectional Planes:
- Sagittal Plane: Divides body into left and right
- Body Cavities: Understand the contents of major cavities (e.g., thoracic, abdominal, pelvic)
Directional Terminology
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Directional Terms:
- Superior: Above (e.g., head is superior to abdomen)
- Inferior: Below
- Proximal: Closer to trunk
- Distal: Further from trunk
Feedback Mechanisms and Homeostasis
- Positive Feedback Loops: Amplify responses (e.g., childbirth)
- Negative Feedback Loops: Maintain stability (e.g., temperature regulation)
- Homeostasis: The body's ability to maintain stable internal conditions
Cellular Processes
- Simplest Units of Life: Cells
- Diffusion & Osmosis: Movement of substances across membranes driven by concentration gradients
- Hydrophobic vs. Hydrophilic Molecules: Understand chemical properties related to water solubility
-
Tonicity:
- Hypertonic: Higher solute concentration outside the cell
- Hypotonic: Lower solute concentration outside the cell
- Isotonic: Equal solute concentration
Chemical and Biological Principles
- Subatomic Particles: Can be calculated using atomic number and mass number
-
Cations vs. Anions:
- Cation: Positively charged ion
- Anion: Negatively charged ion
- pH Scale: Determines acidity/basicity based on [H+] concentration
- Buffers: Substances that maintain pH stability
Macromolecules and Cell Structures
- Four Major Classes of Macromolecules: Proteins, Carbohydrates, Lipids, Nucleic Acids
- Transmembrane Proteins: Located across the plasma membrane, involved in transport
- Ribosomes: Sites of protein synthesis
-
Endocytosis Types:
- Phagocytosis: "Cell eating"
- Pinocytosis: "Cell drinking"
Nucleic Acids and Genetics
- DNA vs. RNA: Understand their structural differences and functions
- Complementary Base Pairing: A-T, C-G; essential for DNA replication and transcription
- Codons: Triplet sequences in mRNA that correspond to amino acids
- Karyotype: Visual representation of an individual's chromosomes; can determine sex
Cellular Division and Genetic Variability
- Mitosis: Produces diploid cells; stages include prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
- Meiosis: Produces haploid cells; includes crossing over during synapsis for genetic diversity
- Chromosome Structure: Chromatin wraps around histones to form nucleosomes
Study Techniques
- Understand the cell cycle phases: interphase, mitosis
- Alleles: Variants of a gene that determine traits
- Practice deducing complementary DNA/RNA strands from templates
Additional Notes
- Be familiar with chemical reaction factors; understand decomposition vs. synthesis reactions
- Review intracellular vs. extracellular compartments and their significance in cellular functions
Good luck studying, and reach out with any questions!
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Description
Prepare effectively for your first exam in BSC 2085 with this comprehensive study guide. Focus on understanding key concepts and their applications in anatomy and physiology, rather than rote memorization. Diving into topics like proximal and distal will enhance your grasp of the material.
