A&P Exam 1 Chapters 1-3 Flashcards

Questions and Answers

What is the definition of anatomy?

The branch of science concerned with the bodily structure of humans.

What is the definition of physiology?

A way in which a living organism or bodily part functions.

Name the levels of structural organization and body systems from smallest to largest.

Chemical level, Cellular level, Tissue level, Organ level, System level, Organismal level.

What does MR.DICE RUNS LAPS mean?

Muscular, reproductive, digestive, integumentary, circulatory, endocrine, respiratory, urinary, nervous, skeletal, and lymphatic systems. Signup and view all the answers

What body system is responsible for making babies?

The reproductive system. Signup and view all the answers

What system is mostly made up of smooth muscle and produces glucose?

The digestive system. Signup and view all the answers

What system is one of the largest organs of absorption, and protects the body?

The integumentary system. Signup and view all the answers

What system is a closed system, and has the veins carry back towards the heart?

The circulatory system. Signup and view all the answers

Which system dumps chemicals into the blood?

The endocrine system. Signup and view all the answers

This system delivers O2 and gets rid of CO2.

The respiratory system. Signup and view all the answers

Which system gets rid of toxins, nitrogen, ammonia, salts, and water?

The urinary system. Signup and view all the answers

Which system contains the spinal nerves and central nervous system?

The nervous system. Signup and view all the answers

This system contains joints, ligaments, and tendons, and has a major responsibility of the structure, support, and protects the organs.

The skeletal system. Signup and view all the answers

Define what a feedback loop is.

Reaction that occurs to stimuli to maintain homeostasis. Signup and view all the answers

What does the mnemonic MR.DICE RUNS L (APS) mean?

Muscular, reproductive, digestive, integumentary, circulatory, endocrine, respiratory, urinary, nervous, skeletal, lymphatic. Signup and view all the answers

What is the dorsal body cavity?

Consists of the brain and spinal cord. Signup and view all the answers

What is the ventral body cavity?

From the thoracic cavity to the abdominopelvic cavity. Signup and view all the answers

What is visceral pleura?

Layer specific to the lungs. Signup and view all the answers

What is visceral pericardium?

Layer specific to the heart. Signup and view all the answers

What is parietal peritoneal?

Abdominal. Signup and view all the answers

What is housed in the nucleus of an atom?

Protons and neutrons. Signup and view all the answers

Where are electrons found in an atom?

Outside of the nucleus. Signup and view all the answers

How many electrons are in the first valence shell?

2 electrons to be complete. Signup and view all the answers

How many electrons are in the rest of the valence shells?

8 to be complete. Signup and view all the answers

How many electrons does hydrogen have?

<ol> <li></li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

What are the four main elements in the body?

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. Signup and view all the answers

What is a molecule?

Two of the same atoms bonded together. Signup and view all the answers

What is a compound?

Two different atoms bonded together. Signup and view all the answers

What is synthesis?

A+B ----> AB (Joining together). Signup and view all the answers

What is decomposition?

AB ----> A+B (Breaking down into individual parts). Signup and view all the answers

What is exchange?

AB + CD ----> AC + BD (Exchanging parts). Signup and view all the answers

What is dehydration?

Water is removed to make bonds. Signup and view all the answers

What is a hydrolysis reaction?

Water is added to break bonds. Signup and view all the answers

What is the plasma membrane made of?

Phospholipids. Signup and view all the answers

What are organelles?

Organized structures within a living cell that each have their own specific jobs. Signup and view all the answers

What are the three parts of a cell?

Plasma (cell) membrane, cytoplasm (contains cytosol and organelles), nucleus (contains chromosomes and genes). Signup and view all the answers

What is passive transport and does it require ATP?

Goes from high to low concentration so it doesn't require energy. Signup and view all the answers

What is phagocytosis?

Cell eating, things going into the cell. Signup and view all the answers

What is exocytosis?

Things leaving the cell. Signup and view all the answers

What is endocytosis?

The cell 'drinking'. Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between meiosis and mitosis?

Meiosis is the cell splits in half (humans -> half from mom + dad), mitosis is the cell splits evenly to an exact copy. Signup and view all the answers

What is active transport? Does it require energy?

Pumps against the gradient, low to high. Requires energy. Signup and view all the answers

What are the levels of the pH scale?

7 on the pH scale is neutral, below 7 on the pH scale is more acidic, above 7 on the pH scale is basic. Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of Mass number?

The number of protons and neutrons in an atom. Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of atomic number?

The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom. Signup and view all the answers

Positive feedback loop?

Blood clotting and labor contractions. Only two, the rest are negative. Signup and view all the answers

How much of the body is made up of water?

70% of the human body is made up of water. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Anatomy and Physiology Definitions

Anatomy: A branch of science focusing on the bodily structure of humans.
Physiology: The study of how living organisms or their parts function.

Structural Organization

Levels of organization: Chemical, Cellular, Tissue, Organ, System, Organismal.
Acronym MR.DICE RUNS LAPS helps recall body systems: Muscular, Reproductive, Digestive, Integumentary, Circulatory, Endocrine, Respiratory, Urinary, Nervous, Skeletal, Lymphatic.

Body Systems Overview

Reproductive system: Responsible for reproduction.
Digestive system: Composed mostly of smooth muscle; produces glucose and absorbs nutrients.
Integumentary system: Acts as a barrier and aids in absorption; includes skin.
Circulatory system: Closed system where veins return deoxygenated blood to the heart.
Endocrine system: Releases hormones into the bloodstream.
Respiratory system: Facilitates gas exchange by delivering oxygen and removing carbon dioxide.
Urinary system: Eliminates toxins, nitrogen, and excess water and salts.
Nervous system: Contains spinal nerves and central nervous system components.
Skeletal system: Provides structure, support, and protection for organs.

Anatomical Terminology

Anatomical position: Body is standing, palms facing upward, and legs at shoulder width.
Positions:
- Posterior (Dorsal): Refers to the back.
- Anterior (Ventral): Refers to the front.
Planes of the body:
- Sagittal: Divides body into left and right (unequal).
- Midsagittal: Divides body into equal left and right parts.
- Frontal (Coronal): Divides body into anterior and posterior sections.
- Transverse: Divides body into upper and lower portions.
Relative locations:
- Lateral: Closer to the outer part of the body.
- Medial: Closer to the midline.
- Proximal: Closer to the body's main mass.
- Distal: Further from the body's main mass.

Feedback Loops

Feedback loop: Reactions to stimuli that help maintain homeostasis.
Positive feedback examples: Blood clotting and labor contractions.
Negative feedback is the predominant mechanism for maintaining homeostasis.

Body Cavities

Dorsal body cavity: Houses the brain and spinal cord.
Ventral body cavity: Extends from the thoracic cavity to the abdominopelvic cavity.

Cellular Biology

Nucleus: Contains protons and neutrons.
Electrons: Found outside the nucleus.
Valence shell: The first shell holds 2 electrons; subsequent shells hold 8 electrons for stability.
Key elements in the body: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen.
Molecules: Formed by two of the same atoms bonded together.
Compounds: Composed of different atoms bonded together.

Chemical Reactions

Types of reactions:
- Synthesis (A + B → AB): Combining elements.
- Decomposition (AB → A + B): Breaking down compounds.
- Exchange (AB + CD → AC + BD): Parts swap position.
- Dehydration: Removal of water to form bonds.
- Hydrolysis: Addition of water to break bonds.

Cell Structure

Plasma membrane: Made primarily of phospholipids.
Organelles: Specialized structures within a cell, each performing specific functions.
Three main cell parts:
- Plasma membrane
- Cytoplasm: Includes cytosol and organelles.
- Nucleus: Houses chromosomes and genes.

Transport Mechanisms

Passive transport: Movement from high to low concentration that does not require ATP.
Phagocytosis: Process of cell "eating."
Exocytosis: Process of substances exiting the cell.
Endocytosis: Process of intake, often referred to as "cell drinking."
Active transport: Movement against concentration gradient requiring energy (ATP).

Genetics and Water Composition

Differences between meiosis and mitosis:
- Meiosis: Reduces chromosome number by half.
- Mitosis: Produces identical daughter cells.
pH scale:
- Neutral: 7.
- Acidic: Below 7.
- Basic: Above 7.
Water: Approximately 70% of the human body.

Atomic Structure

Mass number: Sum of protons and neutrons in an atom.
Atomic number: Number of protons in an atom's nucleus.

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Test your knowledge of anatomy and physiology with these flashcards covering the first three chapters of your A&P course. Learn definitions and understand the levels of structural organization within the body. Perfect for exam preparation or quick reviews!