Anatomy and Physiology Exam 1 Quiz & Flashcards

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is the study of body structures called?

Biology

Anatomy (correct)

Pathology

Physiology

What does physiology study?

Chemical processes

Body structures

How body structures function (correct)

Diseases

What is the anatomical term for the front or belly side?

Anterior or Ventral

What is the anatomical term for the back side?

Posterior or Dorsal Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'superior' refer to in anatomy?

Closer to the head Signup and view all the answers

What does 'inferior' mean in anatomical terms?

Farther from the top of the head Signup and view all the answers

What does medial refer to?

Toward the midline of the body Signup and view all the answers

What does lateral refer to?

Away from the midline of the body Signup and view all the answers

What does bilateral mean?

Relating to or affecting two sides Signup and view all the answers

What does proximal refer to?

Closer to the connection of the body Signup and view all the answers

What does distal mean?

Farther from the connection of the body Signup and view all the answers

What does superficial refer to in anatomical terms?

Closer to the surface Signup and view all the answers

What does deep mean regarding anatomical direction?

Farther from the surface Signup and view all the answers

What is the anatomical term for the body's right side?

Right Signup and view all the answers

What does the term left refer to in anatomy?

On the body's left side Signup and view all the answers

What does axial refer to in anatomy?

Head, neck and trunk Signup and view all the answers

What does abdominal refer to?

Belly Signup and view all the answers

What does cephalic or cranial refer to?

Head Signup and view all the answers

What does cervical refer to?

Neck Signup and view all the answers

What does inguinal refer to?

Groin Signup and view all the answers

What does thoracic refer to?

Chest Signup and view all the answers

What does umbilical refer to?

Naval Signup and view all the answers

What does appendicular refer to in anatomy?

Arms and legs Signup and view all the answers

What does plantars refer to?

Soles of the feet Signup and view all the answers

The ______ separates the right from the left.

Sagittal Signup and view all the answers

What does transverse refer to?

Separates top from bottom Signup and view all the answers

What does frontal or coronal refer to?

Separates anterior from posterior Signup and view all the answers

What does supine mean in anatomical terms?

Anterior surface facing up Signup and view all the answers

What does prone refer to?

Anterior surface facing down Signup and view all the answers

What does homeostasis refer to?

Range of blood pressure, temperature, oxygen levels, and calcium levels Signup and view all the answers

What is negative feedback in homeostasis?

Reversing the direction of movement away from homeostasis Signup and view all the answers

What is positive feedback in homeostasis?

Increasing the movement away from homeostasis Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Anatomy and Physiology Essentials

Anatomy: Focuses on the structures of the body.
Physiology: Explores the functions and processes of body structures.

Anatomical Directions

Anterior/Ventral: Refers to the front or belly side of the body.
Posterior/Dorsal: Pertains to the back side.
Superior: Direction towards the head.
Inferior: Direction away from the head.
Medial: Positioned towards the midline of the body.
Lateral: Positioned away from the midline.
Bilateral: Relates to both sides of the body.
Proximal: Closer to the body's connection point.
Distal: Farther from the body's connection point.
Superficial: Closer to the surface of the body.
Deep: Farther from the surface.

Anatomical Regions

Axial: Comprises the head, neck, and trunk.
Abdominal: Relates to the belly area.
Axillary: Pertains to the armpit region.
Cephalic/Cranial: Refers to the head.
Cervical: Involves the neck area.
Facial: Relates to the face.
Inguinal: Pertains to the groin.
Pelvic: Lower trunk area.
Thoracic: Concerns the chest region.
Umbilical: Involves the navel area.
Appendicular: Covers the arms and legs.

Anatomical Planes

Sagittal: Divides the body into right and left; midsagittal is down the midline.
Transverse/Horizontal: Divides the body into upper and lower parts.
Frontal/Coronal: Separates anterior from posterior.
Supine: Body position facing upwards.
Prone: Body position facing downwards.

Anatomical Cavities

Dorsal Cavity: Contains cranial and vertebral cavities (brain and spinal cord).
Thoracic Cavity: Includes pleural cavities (lungs) and pericardial cavity (heart).
Abdominopelvic Cavity: Contains abdominal (digestive organs) and pelvic (urinary and reproductive organs) cavities.

Body Membranes

Pleura: Serous membrane surrounding the lungs.
Visceral Pleura: Membrane in direct contact with lungs.
Parietal Pleura: Membrane not in contact with lungs.
Peritoneum: Serous membrane in the abdominopelvic cavity.

Homeostasis

Definition: The body's ability to maintain stable internal conditions.
Negative Feedback: Mechanism that reverses changes to restore balance.
Positive Feedback: Mechanism that enhances changes, pushing away from homeostasis.

Levels of Organization

Hierarchical structure: Chemical, Organelle, Cell, Tissue, Organ, Organ System, Organism.

Major Elements in the Human Body

Elements include Oxygen, Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Calcium, Phosphorus, Sulfur, and Potassium.

Water's Functions

Separates ions, acts as a lubricant, aids chemical reactions, assists in transport, and regulates temperature.

Solutions and Concentration

Body fluids consist of solutes and solvents; concentration indicates solute amount relative to solvent.

Tonicity Types

Hypertonic: Higher solute concentration.
Isotonic: Equal solute concentration.
Hypotonic: Lower solute concentration.

Organic Molecules

Must contain carbon and hydrogen. Types include Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, and Nucleic Acids.

Carbohydrates

Composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio.
Monosaccharides: Simple sugars like glucose, the cell's major fuel.
Disaccharides: Two monosaccharides linked.
Polysaccharides: Many monosaccharides connected.

Lipids, Proteins, and Nucleic Acids

Lipids: Composed of C, H, O but not in a fixed ratio; building blocks include fatty acids and glycerol.
Proteins: Contain nitrogen, composed of 20 amino acids.
Nucleic Acids: Made of C, H, O, N, phosphorus; includes DNA and RNA.

Metabolism

Sum of all biological chemical reactions; influenced by reactant concentration, temperature, and catalysts.

Cellular Respiration and Energy

Chemical reaction: Glucose + Oxygen yields Carbon Dioxide + Water, producing energy to form ATP.

Cell Structures and Functions

Cytoplasm: Fluid within cells, housing organelles and nutrients.
Cell Membrane: Provides structure and regulates entry/exit of substances via transport.

Membrane Transport

Passive Transport: No energy needed for material movement across membranes.
Active Transport: Requires energy for movement.

Tissue Types

Epithelial Tissue: Covers and lines surfaces; classified by shape and layers.
Connective Tissue: Consists of cells and fibers in a matrix; types vary based on density and structure.
Muscle Tissue: Comprises skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle with high protein concentration.
Nervous Tissue: Made of neurons and neuroglia, varies in size and shape.

Epithelial Tissue Characteristics

Covers all surfaces, named by cell shape and layer count, can be squamous (flat), cuboidal (square), or columnar (tall).

Cell Layer Classifications

Simple: One cell layer.
Stratified: Multiple cell layers.
Pseudostratified: Appears multilayered but is one layer.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Description

Test your knowledge of key terms in Anatomy and Physiology with these flashcards covering chapters 1 to 4. Each card presents essential vocabulary and their definitions to help reinforce your understanding of body structures and functions.

Anatomy & Physiology Exam 1 (Chapters 1-4)

Choose a study mode