Blood Transfusion Medicine Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following products contains a significant amount of clotting proteins, particularly fibrinogen?

  • Packed RBCs
  • Granulocytes
  • Fresh Frozen Plasma (FFP) (correct)
  • Single donor plasma (SDP)

    • What is the maximum storage temperature for any frozen plasma product?

  • 20-24C
  • 1-6C
  • 0C
  • -18C (correct)

    • What is the primary purpose of blood bags in transfusion medicine?

  • To provide sterile syringes for blood collection
  • To collect only plasma from donors
  • To administer transfusions directly to patients
  • To separate and store different blood components (correct)

    • Which blood component is specifically indicated for treating symptomatic anemia?

    <p>Red Blood Cells (RBC)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of blood bag allows for the separation of blood components into plasma and packed red blood cells?

    <p>Double bag</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key reason why whole blood is rarely used today?

    <p>It contains non-functional platelets.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What component is removed from red blood cells to create leukocyte reduced cells?

    <p>WBCs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What material is primarily used in the construction of blood bags to ensure their strength?

    <p>High molecular weight polyvinyl chloride (PVC)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What method is utilized in blood bags to prevent kinks that could obstruct blood flow during collection?

    <p>Spiral coiling method</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are washed red blood cells (W-RBCs) beneficial for specific patients?

    <p>They reduce the risk of febrile reactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of separating blood components?

    <p>To allow for the transfusion of only the needed component.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which additive solution is commonly used with blood bags to draw units into anticoagulant?

    <p>Citrate phosphate dextrose (CPD)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which blood component product is formed after thawing frozen plasma?

    <p>Cryoprecipitate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the main goals of blood collection in transfusion medicine?

    <p>Minimize physical changes in the blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of a quadruple bag with SAGM in the context of blood collection?

    <p>To separate components using the buffy coat method</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of using a validated sterilization process in blood bags?

    <p>To ensure the bags are free from any bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the expiration time for frozen red blood cells after they have been deglycerolized?

    <p>24 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which storage temperature is required for blood components with low glycerol?

    <p>-120 C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary use of granulocytes in transfusion medicine?

    <p>For patients with neutropenia and gram-negative infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long can platelets be stored in a single unit before they expire?

    <p>5 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process separates the cellular and soluble components of blood using a machine?

    <p>Apheresis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done within 8 hours of collection regarding Fresh Frozen Plasma (FFP)?

    <p>It must be frozen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum expiration time for rejuvenated red blood cells after restoration?

    <p>24 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What storage condition does a platelet agitator maintain for platelets?

    <p>20-24 C with constant agitation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum storage duration for frozen plasma at a temperature of -18 C?

    <p>1 year</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long can thawed plasma be stored at 1-6 C?

    <p>24 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the therapeutic dose of cryoprecipitate for an adult?

    <p>6 to 10 units</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which temperature is appropriate for thawing cryoprecipitate?

    <p>30-37 C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of irradiating cellular blood components?

    <p>To prevent Graft Versus Host Disease (GVHD)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which patient group is at greatest risk for developing GVHD?

    <p>Severely immunosuppressed patients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the new expiration date for a Red Blood Cell donor unit after irradiation?

    <p>28 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What indicates that a donor blood unit may be unacceptable?

    <p>Purplish red cell mass or visible clots</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Blood Components in Transfusion Medicine I

    • Course: Blood transfusion & transplantation (373413-3)
    • Lecturer: Dr Maha Bakhuraysah, Assistant Professor, Immunology and Stem Cell Transplantation, College of Applied Medical Sciences
    • Email: [email protected]

    Objectives

    • Identify different blood components used in blood banks.
    • Familiarize with methods used to separate different blood components.
    • Understand using different blood components in transfusion therapy.

    History

    • Dr. Carl Waldemar Walter invented the first blood collection bag.
    • He is considered a pioneer in blood transfusion and storage.

    Blood Bags

    • Designed for whole blood and component collection, processing, and storage.
    • Provide aseptic conditions for blood component separation.
    • Act as a closed system, reducing contamination risk.
    • Goals of blood collection: maintain viability and function, prevent physical changes, and minimize bacterial contamination.

    Construction of Blood Bags

    • Constructed with high molecular weight polyvinyl chloride (PVC) for strength.
    • Sterilization process is validated.
    • Anticoagulant is triple-filtered and filled automatically for accuracy.
    • Standard coiling method prevents kinks, ensuring smooth flow during collection and separation.

    Types of Blood Bags

    • Single bag: Whole blood collection.
    • Double bag: Separates blood components into plasma and packed RBCs.
    • Triple bag with SAGM: Separates blood components into plasma, packed RBCs, and platelets, using a primary bag with satellite bags.
    • Quadruple bag with SAGM: Separates blood components into plasma, packed RBCs, and platelets, using a primary bag with three satellite bags.
    • Other blood bags: Umbilical cord blood collection bag (150 mL with 22 mL of CPD), blood transfer bag for pooling blood and components. Some bags also have a leukocyte filter for specific components.

    Additive Solution (AS)

    • A solution packaged within a blood bag, often with a primary bag and satellite bags.
    • Contains the additive solution (AS), such as CPD (citrate phosphate dextrose), an anticoagulant.

    Blood Component Separation

    • Diagrams of separation processes are presented, showing whole blood, separation to produce platelets rich plasma (PRP), red blood cells (RBCs), Fresh Frozen Plasma(FFP), and Cryoprecipitate (CRYO).

    Blood Components

    • Cellular: Red blood cell products, platelets, granulocytes.
    • Plasma: Fresh frozen plasma (FFP), cryoprecipitate.

    Preparation of Components

    • One unit of whole blood produces: packed RBCs (RBCs only, minimal plasma), fresh frozen plasma (FFP- plasma contains most coagulation factors), cryoprecipitate (CRYO- prepared from plasma, contains clotting proteins), Single donor plasma (SDP) and Platelets.

    Blood Component General Information

    • Blood separation allows individualized treatment based on needed components.
    • Component separation provides optimized survival for each component.
    • Only the needed components are transfused.
    • Storage temperatures vary for different components (e.g., liquid RBCs 1-6°C, platelets & granulocytes 20-24°C (room temp), frozen plasma ≤ -18°C, except cryo at 1-6°C).

    Cellular Component (e.g., Red Blood Cells)

    • Indications: Treat symptomatic anemia and routine blood loss during surgery.
    • Hematocrit: Approximately 80% for non-additive components, 60% for additive components.
    • Mechanism: Double-bag system; cooling centrifuge used to sediment or separate; supernatant plasma removal.
    • Leukocyte reduced RBCs: Leukocytes can induce febrile or non-hemolytic reactions due to cytokines. The use of filters removes them, reducing adverse reactions.

    Washed Red Blood Cells (Washed RBCs)

    • Washing removes plasma proteins, platelets, WBCs, and microaggregates- avoids reactions like febrile and urticarial reactions.
    • Patients requiring the product are often IgA-deficient with anti-IgA antibodies.
    • Prepared by machine washing the cells 3 times with saline.

    Frozen RBCs; Deglycerolized RBCs

    • Blood is frozen for preservation of rare blood types; also prepared to preserve blood for autologous transfusion.
    • Processing involves drawing into an anticoagulant, removing plasma, adding glycerol.
    • Frozen: 10 years; After deglycerolization: 24 hours.
    • Storage: high glycerol -65°C, low glycerol -120°C; liquid nitrogen.

    Rejuvenated Red Blood Cells

    • A special solution is added to restore ATP and 2,3-DPG levels in expired RBCs (up to 3 days post expiration).
    • Revived RBCs have improved oxygen transport, delivery, and post-transfusion survival.
    • Expiration time after rejuvenation is 24 hours, or 10 years if frozen.

    Platelets

    • Used to prevent or stop bleeding in thrombocytopenic patients.
    • Prepared from a single unit of whole blood.
    • Storage at room temperature (RT) increases risk of bacterial contamination.
    • Expiration: 5 days (single unit), 4 hours (pooled).
    • Storage at 20-24°C (RT) with constant agitation.
    • D-negative patients require D-negative platelets.

    Platelet Agitator (Shaker)

    • Device for constantly agitating blood bags holding platelets to maintain quality.

    Preparation of Platelet Concentrate

    • Diagram depicting the separation of platelets from other components.
    • Involved separation of blood components to yield platelets rich plasma (PRP) from whole blood.

    Pooling Platelets

    • 6-10 units are pooled into a single bag.
    • Expiration is 4 hours.

    Apheresis Platelet Concentrate

    • Apheresis is the process of separating components using a machine.
    • One bag from one donor is a therapeutic dose.
    • Volume is approximately 250 cc.

    Apheresis

    • Blood is collected from a donor.
    • Components are separated.
    • Remaining components are returned to the donor.
    • Target products include blood components (platelets and red blood cells) for transfusion and plasma for pharmaceutical manufacturing.

    Granulocytes

    • Used for patients with neutropenia and gram-negative infections unresponsive to antibiotics.
    • Prepared using a triple-bag system and cooling centrifuge to select granulocytes.
    • Collected from the whitish layer (buffy coat) or from apheresis.
    • Expiration is 24 hours; best to infuse immediately.
    • Storage at 20-24°C.

    Plasma Component (e.g., Fresh Frozen Plasma)

    • Fresh Frozen Plasma (FFP): Used to replace coagulation factors.

    • Must be frozen within 8 hours of collection.

    • Expiration: frozen 1 year, thawed 24 hrs.

    • Storage temperature: Frozen at -18°C; thawed at 1-6°C; thawed in a 30-37°C water bath.

    • Must be ABO compatible.

    Cryoprecipitated (AHF)

    • Cold insoluble portion of plasma precipitates from thawed FFP at 1-6°C.
    • Contains Factor VIII and fibrinogen, used to treat patients with hemophilias and von Willebrand's disease.
    • Therapeutic dose for adults: 6-10 units.
    • Plasma is thawed at 1-6°C, causing the cryoprecipitate to form, followed by centrifugation to separate the cryoprecipitate.
    • Remove plasma, and freeze it within 1 hour.

    Irradiation of Blood Components

    • Cellular components are irradiated to destroy viable T-lymphocytes, preventing graft-versus-host disease (GVHD).
    • GVHD is a condition where immunocompetent donor lymphocytes attack the immunocompromised host's tissues, mainly skin, liver, and GI tract.
    • Irradiation inactivates lymphocytes while leaving platelets & RBCs relatively undamaged.
    • Must be labeled "irradiated".
    • Expiration is 28 days for RBCs irradiated, and it's possible to use them for the non-intended receiver, if needed.

    Donor Blood Inspection and Disposition

    • Donor units are inspected periodically during storage.
    • Discarded if abnormal: purple/clotting red cell mass, hemolysis/murky/purplish/brown/red plasma.
    • inspection for FFP & CRYO for potential thawing, unusual turbidity, and cracks.
    • Hemolyzed segment near the unit may indicate bacterial contamination.

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    Lecture 6-7: Blood Components in Transfusion Medicine PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on the essential components and practices of blood transfusion medicine. This quiz covers topics such as blood products, storage guidelines, and the purposes of various blood components. Perfect for students and professionals in the medical field.

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