Biology Quiz: Metabolism and Nutrition Concepts

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of catabolic processes within a cell?

To provide energy for building complex reactions (correct)

To synthesize large biological molecules

To absorb nutrients from the environment

To store energy for future cellular activity

Which macronutrient is critical for protein synthesis and membrane function?

Calcium $(Ca)$

Iron $(Fe)$

Potassium $(K)$ (correct)

Zinc $(Zn)$

What process do fatty acids undergo to produce acetyl CoA for the Kreb's cycle?

Fermentation

Glycolysis

Deamination

Beta oxidation (correct)

Which type of organism must obtain its carbon from an organic source?

Heterotroph Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of magnesium $(Mg)$ in biological systems?

Stabilizer of cell membranes and ribosomes Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes a phototroph?

Organism that obtains energy through photosynthesis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best defines micronutrients?

Essential nutrients required in small amounts for enzyme function Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following solutions will cause a cell to swell?

Hypotonic solution Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of enzymes in metabolism?

They act as biological catalysts to increase reaction rates. Signup and view all the answers

What defines an anabolic pathway?

It builds up macromolecules for structural components. Signup and view all the answers

What might cause enzyme denaturation?

Breaking of weak bonds maintaining enzyme structure. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about regulated enzymes is accurate?

Their concentration increases or decreases in response to substrate levels. Signup and view all the answers

Which process is initiated by glycolysis?

All three metabolic strategies: glycolysis, Kreb's Cycle, and respiratory chain. Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of aerobic respiration?

It requires oxygen as the final electron acceptor. Signup and view all the answers

What are coenzymes derived from?

Organic molecules, many derived from vitamins. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes fermentation?

It involves the incomplete oxidation of glucose. Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the lowest temperature that allows microbial growth and metabolism to continue?

Minimum temperature Signup and view all the answers

Which type of microbe requires a small amount of oxygen for its metabolism but is harmed by normal atmospheric concentrations?

Microaerophile Signup and view all the answers

In which growth phase do newly inoculated cells experience a flat period of growth?

Lag phase Signup and view all the answers

What defines mesophiles in terms of their optimum temperature range?

Between 20°C and 40°C Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following groups includes organisms that do not require oxygen for metabolism but can use it when available?

Facultative anaerobes Signup and view all the answers

What defines the thermal death point?

The lowest temperature required to kill all microbes in 10 minutes Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of pasteurization?

To kill potential agents of infection while retaining flavor Signup and view all the answers

Which organisms thrive in environments with high salt concentrations and are essential in such habitats?

Halophiles Signup and view all the answers

What process describes one cell dividing to become two in microbial reproduction?

Binary fission Signup and view all the answers

Which type of radiation can eject orbital electrons and form ions?

Ionizing radiation Signup and view all the answers

What is the action of alcohol as an antimicrobial agent based on?

Its concentration and surfactant effects on virus envelopes Signup and view all the answers

What is the best temperature range for psychrophiles, which are known for their cold-loving characteristics?

Below 15°C Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of glutaraldehyde as a disinfectant?

It is officially labeled as a sterilant and high-level disinfectant Signup and view all the answers

What reduces the efficacy of quaternary ammonium compounds?

Presence of organic matter Signup and view all the answers

What is the action of hydrogen peroxide as a germicide primarily due to?

The formation of hydroxyl free radicals Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of ethylene oxide (ETO) in sterilization?

It modifies the structure of DNA and proteins by alkylation Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of reverse transcriptase in retroviruses?

Transcribes RNA to DNA Signup and view all the answers

What are the common categories of major side effects from drugs?

Allergic reactions, tissue toxicity, disruption of microbiota Signup and view all the answers

What is the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)?

The smallest concentration of drug that visibly inhibits growth Signup and view all the answers

What primarily causes drug resistance in microorganisms?

Both A and B Signup and view all the answers

What is a superinfection?

An infection caused by resistant microorganisms during antimicrobial therapy Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of the Kirby-Bauer technique limits its effectiveness?

It is not suitable for anaerobic or slow-growing bacteria Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of MDR pumps in bacteria?

To actively transport drugs and chemicals out of cells Signup and view all the answers

What primary factor can lead to the failure of antimicrobial treatment?

Drug resistance in bacterial cells not detected in tests Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of antimicrobial chemotherapy?

To destroy the infectious agent without harming the host's cells Signup and view all the answers

Which component of bacterial cells is directly targeted by antibiotics like penicillin?

Peptidoglycan in the cell wall Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes daptomycin from other antibiotics?

It shows selectivity for gram-positive cells Signup and view all the answers

How do sulfonamides function as antimicrobial drugs?

By blocking the synthesis of folic acid Signup and view all the answers

What is the main action mechanism of tetracyclines?

Binding to ribosomes and blocking protein synthesis Signup and view all the answers

Rifampin primarily affects bacteria by doing what?

Blocking RNA polymerase to prevent transcription Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the significant toxic effects associated with polymyxins?

Kidney toxicity Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about antibiotics produced from microorganisms?

They can selectively inhibit or destroy other microorganisms Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Chapter 8 Notes

Metabolism is the sum of all chemical reactions in the body needed to maintain homeostasis
Two types of metabolism:
- Anabolism: building macromolecules to build structural components and perform functions
- Catabolism: breaking down macromolecules to produce energy
Enzymes are biological catalysts that increase the rate of chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy
Enzymes don't become part of the products and aren't consumed or altered in the process
Cofactors (coenzymes) support enzyme function. Coenzymes often derive from vitamins
Denaturation: The weak bonds that maintain an enzyme's shape are broken, and it loses its function
Constitutive enzymes are present in constant amounts. Increasing the substrate amount does not increase their concentration.
Regulated enzymes adjust their concentration in response to substrate levels.
Enzyme synthesis can be controlled by induction or repression.
Energy is often stored as ATP.

Chapter 7 Notes

Bioelements are essential elements for all living things
Macronutrients are required in large quantities and essential for cell structure and metabolism. They contain elements like carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
Micronutrients/ trace elements are required in small amounts and are vital for enzyme function and maintenance of protein structure.
Organic nutrients contain carbon and Hydrogen
Inorganic nutrients exclude carbon and hydrogen
Various important elements like potassium, sodium, Calcium, Magnesium, Iron and Zinc, are all crucial for various processes
Carbon sources: -Heterotrophs obtain carbon from organic sources -Autotrophs use inorganic CO2 as a carbon source for energy production via photosynthesis
Energy sources:
- Phototrophs obtain energy from light.
- Chemotrophs obtain energy from chemical reactions.
Temperature requirements for microbial growth:
- Minimum temperature - lowest temperature to support growth and metabolism
- Maximum temperature- highest temperature that supports growth and metabolism
- Optimum temperature - temperature at which growth and metabolism are fastest.
Microbial growth occurs at certain temperature ranges; Psychrophiles, Psychrotrophs, Mesophiles, and Thermophiles have diverse temperature requirements, based on what they need to survive,
Different microbes prefer different pH ranges. Acidophiles and Alkaliphiles thrive in extremely acidic and alkaline conditions, respectively
Other microbes prefer normal ranges and are called neutrophiles.
Microbes require different osmotic pressures to survive; Halophiles like high saline conditions, while Osmophiles thrive in high sugar concentrations.
Some microbes require oxygen (Aerobes), while others can't tolerate it (Anaerobes).
Microbial growth patterns:
- Lag phase - initial period of adjustment
- Exponential (log) phase: rapid growth
- Stationary phase: growth rate slows due to resource limitation
- Death phase: cells die at an increasing rate due to limited resources.

Chapter 11 Notes

Contaminants are undesired microbes in a specific place and time
Physical and chemical agents are employed for decontamination
Microbes vary in their resistance to decontamination methods.
Methods for microbial control:
- Sterilization: all viable organisms are destroyed
- Disinfection: removes vegetative pathogens and not spores.
- Antiseptics: used on the skin or living tissue.
Different types of microbial control methods
- Halogens: used as disinfectants and antiseptics
- Alcohols: effective against viruses and vegetative bacteria, but not endospores.
- Disinfectants: used on inanimate objects.
- Antiseptics: used on living tissue.
- Surfactants: reduce surface tension.
- Glutaraldehyde: useful to disinfect, sterilize, and preservation.
- Ethylene oxide (ETO): used to sterilize heat-sensitive items like plastic.

Chapter 12 Notes

Antimicrobial chemotherapy aims to target infectious agents without harming the host's cells
Antibiotics can inhibit or destroy microorganisms
Antimicrobial drugs target specific cellular components or metabolic processes of microbes.
Antimicrobial resistance mechanisms:
- Drug inactivation: resistance to drug inactivation
- Drug alteration: alteration of the drug's structure
- Limited entry: decreasing drug entry into the site.
- Increased elimination: increasing drug exit from site.
- Target modification: modification of the drug target.
Side effects of antibiotics:
- damage to tissues from toxicity, allergic reactions and disruption of the body's microbiota.
- superinfection: infection by resistant microorganisms that was not previously present after antibiotic treatment
- Kirby-Bauer technique: antimicrobial susceptibility test; a test that determines the effectiveness of antimicrobial drugs

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Description

Test your knowledge on various concepts of metabolism and nutrition in biology. This quiz covers catabolic and anabolic processes, the role of enzymes, macronutrients, and physiological roles of micronutrients. Challenge yourself with questions ranging from glycolysis to fermentation!