Biology Quiz: Metabolism and Nutrition Concepts
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of catabolic processes within a cell?

  • To provide energy for building complex reactions (correct)
  • To synthesize large biological molecules
  • To absorb nutrients from the environment
  • To store energy for future cellular activity

Which macronutrient is critical for protein synthesis and membrane function?

  • Calcium $(Ca)$
  • Iron $(Fe)$
  • Potassium $(K)$ (correct)
  • Zinc $(Zn)$

What process do fatty acids undergo to produce acetyl CoA for the Kreb's cycle?

  • Fermentation
  • Glycolysis
  • Deamination
  • Beta oxidation (correct)

Which type of organism must obtain its carbon from an organic source?

<p>Heterotroph (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of magnesium $(Mg)$ in biological systems?

<p>Stabilizer of cell membranes and ribosomes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes a phototroph?

<p>Organism that obtains energy through photosynthesis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best defines micronutrients?

<p>Essential nutrients required in small amounts for enzyme function (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following solutions will cause a cell to swell?

<p>Hypotonic solution (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of enzymes in metabolism?

<p>They act as biological catalysts to increase reaction rates. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines an anabolic pathway?

<p>It builds up macromolecules for structural components. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What might cause enzyme denaturation?

<p>Breaking of weak bonds maintaining enzyme structure. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about regulated enzymes is accurate?

<p>Their concentration increases or decreases in response to substrate levels. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process is initiated by glycolysis?

<p>All three metabolic strategies: glycolysis, Kreb's Cycle, and respiratory chain. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of aerobic respiration?

<p>It requires oxygen as the final electron acceptor. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are coenzymes derived from?

<p>Organic molecules, many derived from vitamins. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes fermentation?

<p>It involves the incomplete oxidation of glucose. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the lowest temperature that allows microbial growth and metabolism to continue?

<p>Minimum temperature (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of microbe requires a small amount of oxygen for its metabolism but is harmed by normal atmospheric concentrations?

<p>Microaerophile (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which growth phase do newly inoculated cells experience a flat period of growth?

<p>Lag phase (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines mesophiles in terms of their optimum temperature range?

<p>Between 20°C and 40°C (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following groups includes organisms that do not require oxygen for metabolism but can use it when available?

<p>Facultative anaerobes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines the thermal death point?

<p>The lowest temperature required to kill all microbes in 10 minutes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of pasteurization?

<p>To kill potential agents of infection while retaining flavor (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organisms thrive in environments with high salt concentrations and are essential in such habitats?

<p>Halophiles (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process describes one cell dividing to become two in microbial reproduction?

<p>Binary fission (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of radiation can eject orbital electrons and form ions?

<p>Ionizing radiation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the action of alcohol as an antimicrobial agent based on?

<p>Its concentration and surfactant effects on virus envelopes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the best temperature range for psychrophiles, which are known for their cold-loving characteristics?

<p>Below 15°C (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of glutaraldehyde as a disinfectant?

<p>It is officially labeled as a sterilant and high-level disinfectant (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What reduces the efficacy of quaternary ammonium compounds?

<p>Presence of organic matter (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the action of hydrogen peroxide as a germicide primarily due to?

<p>The formation of hydroxyl free radicals (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of ethylene oxide (ETO) in sterilization?

<p>It modifies the structure of DNA and proteins by alkylation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of reverse transcriptase in retroviruses?

<p>Transcribes RNA to DNA (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the common categories of major side effects from drugs?

<p>Allergic reactions, tissue toxicity, disruption of microbiota (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)?

<p>The smallest concentration of drug that visibly inhibits growth (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primarily causes drug resistance in microorganisms?

<p>Both A and B (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a superinfection?

<p>An infection caused by resistant microorganisms during antimicrobial therapy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of the Kirby-Bauer technique limits its effectiveness?

<p>It is not suitable for anaerobic or slow-growing bacteria (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of MDR pumps in bacteria?

<p>To actively transport drugs and chemicals out of cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primary factor can lead to the failure of antimicrobial treatment?

<p>Drug resistance in bacterial cells not detected in tests (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of antimicrobial chemotherapy?

<p>To destroy the infectious agent without harming the host's cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component of bacterial cells is directly targeted by antibiotics like penicillin?

<p>Peptidoglycan in the cell wall (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes daptomycin from other antibiotics?

<p>It shows selectivity for gram-positive cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do sulfonamides function as antimicrobial drugs?

<p>By blocking the synthesis of folic acid (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main action mechanism of tetracyclines?

<p>Binding to ribosomes and blocking protein synthesis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Rifampin primarily affects bacteria by doing what?

<p>Blocking RNA polymerase to prevent transcription (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the significant toxic effects associated with polymyxins?

<p>Kidney toxicity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about antibiotics produced from microorganisms?

<p>They can selectively inhibit or destroy other microorganisms (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Metabolism

The sum of all chemical reactions in the body that occur to maintain homeostasis.

Anabolism

Building up of macromolecules, like proteins or carbohydrates, to create structural components and carry out essential functions.

Catabolism

Breaking down of macromolecules into smaller units to gain energy.

Enzymes

Biological catalysts that accelerate chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy.

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Cofactors

Substances that help enzymes function properly by providing additional chemical groups or stabilizing their structure.

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Oxidative Phosphorylation

The production of ATP using energy released from the electron transport chain and the movement of protons across membranes.

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Glycolysis

The initial stage of glucose breakdown, where glucose is converted into pyruvate, generating ATP and NADH.

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Electron Transport Chain

A series of protein complexes in the membrane that transfer electrons and release energy used to generate a proton gradient for ATP production.

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Minimum Temperature

The lowest temperature that allows a microbe to continue growth and metabolism. Below this temperature, it stops.

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Maximum Temperature

The highest temperature at which a microbe can grow and metabolize before its proteins denature.

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Optimum Temperature

The temperature that promotes the fastest growth and metabolism for a microbe.

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Psychrophile

A microbe that loves cold temperatures, with an optimum growth temperature below 15°C.

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Mesophile

A microbe that thrives in moderate temperatures, with an optimum growth temperature between 20°C and 40°C.

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Aerobes

Microbes that use gaseous oxygen in their metabolism and have enzymes to handle toxic oxygen byproducts.

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Obligate Aerobe

A microbe that absolutely needs oxygen to survive and grow.

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Anaerobes

Microbes that lack the enzymes to use oxygen in respiration.

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Beta Oxidation

The process where fatty acids are broken down to generate acetyl CoA, which can then enter the Krebs cycle for energy production.

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Deamination

The removal of an amino group from an amino acid, typically converting it into a keto acid that can then be used in metabolism.

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Essential Nutrient

A substance that an organism cannot synthesize on its own and must obtain from its environment.

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Heterotroph

An organism that obtains its carbon from organic sources, such as sugars or proteins.

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Autotroph

An organism that obtains its carbon from inorganic CO2, typically through photosynthesis.

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Hypotonic Solution

A solution with a lower concentration of solute than the cell's cytoplasm, causing water to move into the cell.

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Thermal Death Time

The shortest time needed to kill all microbes at a specific temperature.

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Thermal Death Point

The lowest temperature needed to kill all microbes in a sample within 10 minutes.

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Pasteurization

A process of applying heat to liquids to kill harmful microbes without ruining taste or nutritional value.

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Ionizing Radiation

Radiation that ejects electrons from atoms, creating ions.

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Nonionizing Radiation

Radiation that excites atoms but does not ionize them (e.g., UV light).

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Filtration

A technique for removing microbes from air or liquids by passing them through a filter.

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Intermediate-level Germicides

Chemicals that kill fungal spores, resistant pathogens, and viruses, but not bacterial spores.

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Alcohol's Mechanism of Action

Alcohol's effectiveness depends on its concentration and its ability to damage cell membranes, particularly those of enveloped viruses.

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Reverse Transcriptase

An enzyme used by retroviruses like HIV to convert RNA into DNA, allowing the virus to integrate into the host's genome.

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Interferon

A glycoprotein produced by cells in response to viral infections or other immune stimuli, helping fight off invaders.

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Drug Resistance

The ability of microorganisms to survive and multiply despite the presence of an antimicrobial drug.

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MDR Pumps

Proteins in bacteria that actively pump out drugs and other harmful chemicals, contributing to drug resistance.

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Biofilms

Complex communities of microorganisms encased in an extracellular matrix, often making them harder to treat.

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Superinfection

An infection that arises during antimicrobial therapy due to the overgrowth of drug-resistant microorganisms.

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Kirby-Bauer Technique

An agar diffusion test used to assess the susceptibility of bacteria to antimicrobial drugs.

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Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC)

The smallest concentration of a drug that visibly inhibits the growth of a specific microorganism.

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Antimicrobial Chemotherapy Goal

The goal of antimicrobial chemotherapy is to destroy infectious agents in an infected person without harming their cells.

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Selective Toxicity

The ability of an antimicrobial drug to harm microbes without damaging host tissues.

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Peptidoglycan

A rigid structural component found in bacterial cell walls, essential for cell shape and protection against osmotic pressure.

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How Polymyxins Work

Polymyxins interact with membrane phospholipids in bacteria, causing leakage of proteins and nucleic acids, particularly in gram-negative bacteria.

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Antimicrobial Action on Nucleic Acids

Antimicrobial drugs interfere with nucleic acid synthesis by blocking nucleotide synthesis, DNA replication, or RNA transcription.

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Protein Synthesis Inhibition

Most drugs that inhibit protein synthesis target the ribosome-mRNA complex, interfering with protein production in bacteria.

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Sulfonamide Action

Sulfonamides block the synthesis of folic acid by bacteria, an essential nutrient for bacterial growth.

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Ivermectin's Antiparasitic Action

Ivermectin is a broad-spectrum antiparasitic drug that disrupts parasite functions, including penetration into host cells, replication, and maturation.

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Study Notes

Chapter 8 Notes

  • Metabolism is the sum of all chemical reactions in the body needed to maintain homeostasis

  • Two types of metabolism:

    • Anabolism: building macromolecules to build structural components and perform functions
    • Catabolism: breaking down macromolecules to produce energy

  • Enzymes are biological catalysts that increase the rate of chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy

  • Enzymes don't become part of the products and aren't consumed or altered in the process

  • Cofactors (coenzymes) support enzyme function. Coenzymes often derive from vitamins

  • Denaturation: The weak bonds that maintain an enzyme's shape are broken, and it loses its function

  • Constitutive enzymes are present in constant amounts. Increasing the substrate amount does not increase their concentration.

  • Regulated enzymes adjust their concentration in response to substrate levels.

  • Enzyme synthesis can be controlled by induction or repression.

  • Energy is often stored as ATP.

Chapter 7 Notes

  • Bioelements are essential elements for all living things

  • Macronutrients are required in large quantities and essential for cell structure and metabolism. They contain elements like carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

  • Micronutrients/ trace elements are required in small amounts and are vital for enzyme function and maintenance of protein structure.

  • Organic nutrients contain carbon and Hydrogen

  • Inorganic nutrients exclude carbon and hydrogen

  • Various important elements like potassium, sodium, Calcium, Magnesium, Iron and Zinc, are all crucial for various processes

  • Carbon sources: -Heterotrophs obtain carbon from organic sources -Autotrophs use inorganic CO2 as a carbon source for energy production via photosynthesis

  • Energy sources:

    • Phototrophs obtain energy from light.
    • Chemotrophs obtain energy from chemical reactions.

  • Temperature requirements for microbial growth:

    • Minimum temperature - lowest temperature to support growth and metabolism
    • Maximum temperature- highest temperature that supports growth and metabolism
    • Optimum temperature - temperature at which growth and metabolism are fastest.

  • Microbial growth occurs at certain temperature ranges; Psychrophiles, Psychrotrophs, Mesophiles, and Thermophiles have diverse temperature requirements, based on what they need to survive,

  • Different microbes prefer different pH ranges. Acidophiles and Alkaliphiles thrive in extremely acidic and alkaline conditions, respectively

  • Other microbes prefer normal ranges and are called neutrophiles.

  • Microbes require different osmotic pressures to survive; Halophiles like high saline conditions, while Osmophiles thrive in high sugar concentrations.

  • Some microbes require oxygen (Aerobes), while others can't tolerate it (Anaerobes).

  • Microbial growth patterns:

    • Lag phase - initial period of adjustment
    • Exponential (log) phase: rapid growth
    • Stationary phase: growth rate slows due to resource limitation
    • Death phase: cells die at an increasing rate due to limited resources.

Chapter 11 Notes

  • Contaminants are undesired microbes in a specific place and time

  • Physical and chemical agents are employed for decontamination

  • Microbes vary in their resistance to decontamination methods.

  • Methods for microbial control:

    • Sterilization: all viable organisms are destroyed
    • Disinfection: removes vegetative pathogens and not spores.
    • Antiseptics: used on the skin or living tissue.

  • Different types of microbial control methods

    • Halogens: used as disinfectants and antiseptics
    • Alcohols: effective against viruses and vegetative bacteria, but not endospores.
    • Disinfectants: used on inanimate objects.
    • Antiseptics: used on living tissue.
    • Surfactants: reduce surface tension.
    • Glutaraldehyde: useful to disinfect, sterilize, and preservation.
    • Ethylene oxide (ETO): used to sterilize heat-sensitive items like plastic.

Chapter 12 Notes

  • Antimicrobial chemotherapy aims to target infectious agents without harming the host's cells
  • Antibiotics can inhibit or destroy microorganisms
  • Antimicrobial drugs target specific cellular components or metabolic processes of microbes.
  • Antimicrobial resistance mechanisms:
    • Drug inactivation: resistance to drug inactivation
    • Drug alteration: alteration of the drug's structure
    • Limited entry: decreasing drug entry into the site.
    • Increased elimination: increasing drug exit from site.
    • Target modification: modification of the drug target.
  • Side effects of antibiotics:
    • damage to tissues from toxicity, allergic reactions and disruption of the body's microbiota.
    • superinfection: infection by resistant microorganisms that was not previously present after antibiotic treatment
    • Kirby-Bauer technique: antimicrobial susceptibility test; a test that determines the effectiveness of antimicrobial drugs

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Chapter 8 Notes PDF

Description

Test your knowledge on various concepts of metabolism and nutrition in biology. This quiz covers catabolic and anabolic processes, the role of enzymes, macronutrients, and physiological roles of micronutrients. Challenge yourself with questions ranging from glycolysis to fermentation!

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