Biology Chapter on Water and Macromolecules
72 Questions
0 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is the chemical formula for water?

H2O

What type of bonds give water its partially negative and partially positive sides?

Polar covalent bonds

Which of the following is NOT a property of water due to its polarity?

  • Viscosity (correct)
  • Surface tension
  • Adhesion
  • Cohesion

    • When water freezes, its molecules become more tightly packed, leading to an increase in density.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is water considered the universal solvent?

    <p>It dissolves polar and ionic molecules well.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for large molecules made from smaller molecules?

    <p>Macromolecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the four main elements found in proteins?

    <p>Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen (CHON)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the monomer of proteins, and what is the polymer called?

    <p>The monomer of proteins is amino acids, and the polymer is called polypeptides.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are R groups, and what are their significance in protein structure?

    <p>R groups are the specific side chains of amino acids. They determine the protein's unique structure and properties.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the linear sequence of amino acids in a protein?

    <p>Primary protein structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two main types of secondary protein structures?

    <p>Alpha helix and beta pleated sheet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the tertiary structure of a protein?

    <p>Interactions (hydrophobic, ionic, hydrogen bonds, disulfide bridges) between R groups.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of protein structure involves multiple polypeptide chains interacting?

    <p>Quaternary protein structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three main elements found in carbohydrates?

    <p>Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (CHO)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the monomer of carbohydrates, and what is the polymer called?

    <p>The monomer of carbohydrates is monosaccharides, and the polymer is called polysaccharides.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of sugar is found in plant cell walls?

    <p>Cellulose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of sugar is used for long-term energy storage in plants?

    <p>Starch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three main elements found in lipids?

    <p>Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (CHO)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Lipids have monomers.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three main types of lipids?

    <p>Steroids, fats, and phospholipids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fats?

    <p>Saturated fats have all their carbon atoms bonded to hydrogen atoms, while unsaturated fats have at least one double bond between carbon atoms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a triglyceride, and what is its significance?

    <p>A triglyceride is a lipid composed of three fatty acid chains linked to a glycerol molecule. It serves as a primary energy source for the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unique characteristic of phospholipids that makes them well-suited for forming cell membranes?

    <p>They are amphipathic, meaning they have both a hydrophilic (water-loving) head and a hydrophobic (water-fearing) tail.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two main types of nucleic acids?

    <p>Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a nitrogenous base found in DNA?

    <p>Uracil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Describe the structure of DNA.

    <p>DNA is a double helix, with two antiparallel strands of nucleotides held together by hydrogen bonds between complementary bases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the chemical formula for the amino group?

    <p>H2N</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the chemical formula for the carboxyl group?

    <p>-COOH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the chemical formula for the phosphate group?

    <p>PO4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of a flagellum?

    <p>A flagellum is a motility structure that helps cells move.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the endoplasmic reticulum?

    <p>The endoplasmic reticulum is a network of membranous sacs and tubes involved in membrane synthesis and protein processing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What two membranes make up the nuclear envelope?

    <p>The nuclear envelope is a double membrane, with an inner and outer membrane.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is chromatin made of?

    <p>Chromatin is composed of DNA and proteins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the nucleolus?

    <p>The nucleolus is the site of ribosome production.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the plasma membrane?

    <p>The plasma membrane is a selectively permeable phospholipid bilayer that surrounds the cell, regulating the passage of substances into and out of the cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of ribosomes?

    <p>Ribosomes are responsible for protein synthesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?

    <p>The Golgi apparatus modifies, sorts, packages, and ships proteins and lipids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of mitochondria?

    <p>Mitochondria are the site of cellular respiration, where glucose is broken down to generate ATP, the cell's energy currency.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of microvilli?

    <p>Microvilli are finger-like projections that increase the surface area of cells, enhancing absorption or secretion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the cytoskeleton?

    <p>The cytoskeleton is a network of protein fibers that provides structural support, aids in cell movement, and helps organize cellular components.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the centrosome?

    <p>The centrosome initiates the assembly of microtubules and contains a pair of centrioles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the cell wall?

    <p>The cell wall provides structural support, protection, and maintains the cell's shape.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the central vacuole?

    <p>The central vacuole is a large storage compartment in plant cells, involved in regulating turgor pressure, storing water, and breaking down waste.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are plasmodesmata, and what is their function?

    <p>Plasmodesmata are cytoplasmic channels that connect adjacent plant cells, allowing for the passage of molecules and communication between cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of chloroplasts?

    <p>Chloroplasts are the sites of photosynthesis, where light energy is converted into chemical energy stored in sugar molecules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of ATP synthase?

    <p>ATP synthase is an enzyme that catalyzes the reaction that adds a phosphate group to ADP to form ATP.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of NADP+ reductase?

    <p>NADP+ reductase is an enzyme that reduces NADP+ to NADPH.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the electron transport chain in photosynthesis?

    <p>The electron transport chain is a series of molecules that capture light energy and transfer excited electrons to create a proton gradient.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between light reactions and the Calvin cycle?

    <p>Light reactions convert solar energy to chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH, while the Calvin cycle uses ATP and NADPH to build sugar with CO2 from the air.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of pigments in photosynthesis?

    <p>Pigments absorb different wavelengths of light, enhancing the capture of solar energy for photosynthesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of passive transport?

    <p>Passive transport is movement of molecules across a membrane without the use of ATP, going down a concentration gradient until dynamic equilibrium is reached.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of diffusion?

    <p>Diffusion is the natural movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of facilitated diffusion?

    <p>Facilitated diffusion is a type of passive transport where transport proteins help larger, polar molecules diffuse across the membrane.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of osmosis?

    <p>Osmosis is the facilitated diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane through aquaporins, which are water channel proteins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of solute pumping?

    <p>Solute pumping is a type of active transport where a pump protein uses ATP to move a solute across a membrane.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of cotransport?

    <p>Cotransport involves a coupled transport process where a solute pump pumps a solute out of a cell, and that solute returns through a cotransporter protein, bringing another substance (often nutrients) into the cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of water potential?

    <p>Water potential is the potential energy of water to move out of an area. It's a measure of the tendency of water to move from one area to another.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the equation for water potential?

    <p>Y = Ys + Yp</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the equation for calculating solute potential?

    <p>Ys = -iCRT</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of an enzyme?

    <p>An enzyme is a biological catalyst, usually a protein, that speeds up a chemical reaction by lowering the activation energy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of optimal temperature for an enzyme?

    <p>Optimal temperature is the temperature at which an enzyme functions most effectively.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of denaturation in terms of enzymes?

    <p>Denaturation is the loss of an enzyme's normal shape due to factors such as high temperature or changes in pH, leading to loss of activity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of a competitive inhibitor?

    <p>A competitive inhibitor is a molecule that competes with the substrate for binding at the active site of an enzyme.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of an enzyme-substrate complex?

    <p>An enzyme-substrate complex is formed when the substrate binds to the active site of an enzyme.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of substrate?

    <p>A substrate is the reactant of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first law of thermodynamics?

    <p>The first law of thermodynamics states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred or transformed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the second law of thermodynamics?

    <p>The second law of thermodynamics states that every energy transfer or transformation increases the overall entropy of the universe.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of energy?

    <p>Energy is the ability of matter to change position or arrangement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of endergonic change?

    <p>An endergonic change is a nonspontaneous reaction that requires input of energy to proceed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of photosynthesis?

    <p>Photosynthesis is the process by which plants and other photosynthetic organisms convert light energy from the sun into chemical energy stored in sugars or organic molecules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of photosystems in photosynthesis?

    <p>Photosystems are complexes within chloroplasts that capture light energy and transfer that energy to electrons through pigments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of carbon fixation?

    <p>Carbon fixation is the process of incorporating carbon from carbon dioxide into an organic compound during the Calvin cycle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Water

    • Water's chemical formula is H₂O.
    • Polar covalent bonds give water a partially negative and partially positive side.

    Hydrogen Bonds

    • Weak bond between a hydrogen atom (+) and another atom.

    Water Properties (Polarity)

    • Cohesion: Water molecules stick together.
    • Adhesion: Water molecules stick to other substances.
    • Surface Tension: Water's resistance to external forces.

    Water Freezing

    • Hydrogen bonds stabilize and push water molecules apart, lowering its density.

    Water Solubility

    • Water is a universal solvent, dissolving polar and ionic molecules well.

    Macromolecules

    • Large molecules made from smaller molecules (monomers).

    Proteins

    • Composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen (CHON).
    • Monomer: amino acids.
    • Polymer: polypeptides.

    R Groups

    • Determine protein structure.
    • Different side chains with varying properties (ionic, hydrophilic, hydrophobic).
    • Hydrophilic groups project outward; hydrophobic groups fold inward.

    Primary Protein Structure

    • Sequence of amino acids from N-terminus to C-terminus.
    • Single mistake changes the entire protein's function.

    Secondary Protein Structure

    • Folding due to hydrogen bonds in the protein backbone.
    • Two common forms are alpha helices and beta pleated sheets.

    Tertiary Protein Structure

    • Overall 3D shape created by interactions between R groups.
    • Hydrophobic interactions, disulfide bridges, ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds help form the structure.

    Quaternary Protein Structure

    • Two or more polypeptide chains bonded together.

    Carbohydrates

    • Composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (CHO) in a 1:2:1 ratio.
    • Monomer: monosaccharides.
    • Polymer: polysaccharides (main energy source).

    Cell Wall Carbohydrate

    • Cellulose.

    Energy Storage Carbohydrate

    • Starch.

    Lipids

    • Composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (CHO), with a 1:2:few ratio.
    • Hydrophobic.
    • No single monomer.
    • Three main types: steroids, fats (triglycerides), and phospholipids.

    Fats (Triglycerides)

    • Glycerol and long hydrocarbon fatty acid chains.
    • Saturated fats have all their carbons saturated with hydrogen.

    Triglyceride

    • 3 fatty acid chains + glycerol = energy source.

    Phospholipid

    • Amphipathic (both hydrophobic and hydrophilic); key component of cell membranes..

    Nucleic Acids

    • Composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus (CHONP).
    • Monomers: nucleotides.
    • Two main types: RNA and DNA.

    Nitrogenous Bases

    • Guanine, adenine, thymine, cytosine, and uracil.

    DNA Structure

    • Antiparallel double helix.

    General Cell Components

    • Cell Parts with Functions: Each type of cell contains various parts with specific functions.
    • Cellular Processes: Various cellular processes occur within cells, dictated by the presence and function of different structures.

    Other Functional Groups

    • Amino Group: NH₂
    • Carboxyl Group: COOH
    • Phosphate Group: PO₄
    • Hydroxyl Group: OH
    • Carbonyl Group: C=O

    Cellular Structures

    • Organelles with Functions: Each type of organelle has specific functions within the cell (e.g., ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, mitochondria, chloroplasts).

    Plant Cell vs. Animal Cell

    • Key Differences: Differences, such as the presence of a cell wall, chloroplasts, and a large central vacuole in plant cells, differentiate them from animal cells in morphology and function.

    Cell Membrane Components

    • Membrane Structure: The cell membrane is a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins.
    • Types of Proteins: Integral and peripheral, crucial for membrane transport and function.

    Membrane Transport

    • Passive Transport: Movement across the membrane without energy input (diffusion).
    • Facilitated Diffusion: Specific transport proteins aid in the movement of large or polar molecules.
    • Osmosis: Specific type of facilitated diffusion through aquaporins, for water.
    • Active Transport: Movement across the membrane requiring energy.
    • Bulk Transport: Large molecules moved through endocytosis (in) or exocytosis (out).
    • Different Types of Transport: Endocytosis (phagocytosis, pinocytosis, receptor-mediated endocytosis).

    Water Potential

    • Water moves from high to low water potential.
    • Calculated using equation: Y = Ys + Yp

    Enzymes

    • Proteins that catalyze biological reactions.
    • Lower activation energy.

    Enzyme Inhibitors

    • Competitive: Competes with the substrate.
    • Noncompetitive: Binds to a different site, altering the enzyme's shape.

    Thermodynamics

    • 1st Law: Energy cannot be created or destroyed.
    • 2nd Law: Entropy (disorder) of the universe always increases.

    Energy

    • Ability of matter to change its position or arrangement.

    Cellular Respiration

    • Breakdown of glucose to release ATP.

    Photosynthesis

    • Conversion of light energy to chemical energy (sugars).
    • Light-Dependent Reactions: Occur in thylakoids.
    • Calvin Cycle: Occur in stroma.

    Photosynthetic Pigments

    • Molecules that absorb light energy, impacting the color of the pigment.

    Studying That Suits You

    Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

    Quiz Team

    Description

    Explore the fascinating properties of water, including its unique chemical structure and hydrogen bonds. Understand the role of water as a solvent and how macromolecules, like proteins, are formed from smaller units. Test your knowledge on cohesion, adhesion, and the importance of R groups in protein structure.

    More Like This

    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Open
    Browser
    Browser