Biology Water and Macromolecules

H2O

Hydrogen bonds

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Water is a polar molecule that can dissolve both polar and ionic molecules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Large molecules made of smaller repeating units called monomers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Amino acids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The sequence and properties of its amino acids, specifically its R groups.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The linear sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The local folding and arrangement of the polypeptide chain, forming alpha helices and beta pleated sheets.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The arrangement of multiple polypeptide chains (subunits) in a protein complex.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>CHO (1:2:1).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Monosaccharides.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To provide energy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cellulose.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Starch.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>CHO (1:2:few).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Steroids, fats, and phospholipids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glycerol and fatty acids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Saturated fats have all single bonds between carbon atoms, while unsaturated fats have at least one double bond between carbon atoms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A molecule composed of glycerol and three fatty acid chains.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A lipid that has a phosphate group attached to glycerol.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Their amphipathic properties allow them to form a bilayer in which the hydrophilic heads face the aqueous environment, and the hydrophobic tails face inward, creating a barrier between the inside and outside of the cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>DNA and RNA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nucleotides.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>DNA is a double helix in which two strands of nucleotides are antiparallel and held together by hydrogen bonds between complementary base pairs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>DNA uses deoxyribose as its sugar and has thymine as one of its nitrogenous bases, while RNA uses ribose as its sugar and has uracil instead of thymine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The amino group is a nitrogen-containing functional group with the formula NH2.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The carboxyl group is a functional group with the formula COOH, which is acidic.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The phosphate group is a functional group with the formula PO4, which carries a negative charge.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A long, whip-like structure that helps some cells move.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A network of interconnected membranous sacs and tubules that is involved in protein synthesis and lipid metabolism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A double membrane that surrounds the nucleus and regulates the passage of molecules between the nucleus and the cytoplasm.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A complex of DNA and proteins that condense into chromosomes during cell division.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A structure within the nucleus where ribosomes are assembled.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A selectively permeable phospholipid bilayer that surrounds all cells and regulates the passage of molecules in and out of the cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Small organelles composed of RNA and protein that are responsible for protein synthesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A series of flattened membranous sacs that are involved in the processing, sorting, and packaging of proteins and lipids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Organelles that are responsible for cellular respiration, the process that converts food into energy (ATP).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Finger-like projections that increase the surface area of cells, which can enhance absorption.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A network of protein fibers that provides structural support, helps with cell movement, and anchors organelles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A structure that organizes microtubules and contains a pair of centrioles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A rigid outer layer that surrounds plant cells and provides structural support and protection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A large, fluid-filled sac that stores water, nutrients, and waste products in plant cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Channels that connect the cytoplasm of adjacent plant cells, allowing for communication and transport between cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Organelles that are responsible for photosynthesis, the process that transforms light energy into chemical energy stored in sugar.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A protein that is attached to the surface of a cell membrane and does not extend through the membrane.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A lipid with a carbohydrate attached to it.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A protein that extends through the cell membrane and has regions exposed to both the inside and outside of the cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An integral protein that helps to move molecules across the cell membrane.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A lipid that is found in cell membranes and helps to regulate membrane fluidity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A double layer of phospholipids that forms the basis of cell membranes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The cytoskeleton provides structural support to the cell membrane and can influence its shape and movement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Small, nonpolar molecules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The movement of molecules across a cell membrane that does not require energy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The overall direction of movement for a molecule across a membrane, based on the concentration gradient.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration, until equilibrium is reached.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A type of passive transport that requires the assistance of transport proteins to move molecules across a membrane.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The facilitated diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A type of active transport in which a transport protein uses ATP to pump a solute across a membrane against its concentration gradient.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A type of active transport in which a transport protein couples the movement of one solute across a membrane with the movement of another solute.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Phagocytosis (eating), pinocytosis (drinking), and receptor-mediated endocytosis (specific drinking through receptors).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The potential of water to move out of an area, driven by the difference in solute concentration and pressure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pressure potential, which is the pressure that is exerted on a solution by its surroundings.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Proteins that act as biological catalysts, speeding up chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The temperature at which an enzyme has its highest activity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The loss of an enzyme's normal shape, causing it to become inactive.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A molecule that binds to the active site of an enzyme, competing with the substrate for binding.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A temporary complex that forms when the substrate binds to the active site of an enzyme.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The reactant molecule that an enzyme acts upon.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred or transformed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Every energy change increases the overall entropy of the universe.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The ability of matter to change position or arrangement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A non-spontaneous change that requires energy input and results in a decrease in entropy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria convert light energy into chemical energy stored in sugars.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Light-harvesting complexes within chloroplasts that capture light energy and transfer it to electrons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An enzyme that catalyzes the reduction of NADP+ to NADPH, using electrons from the electron transport chain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A series of electron carriers embedded in the thylakoid membrane that pass excited electrons along, releasing energy that is used to pump protons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The light reactions of photosynthesis capture light energy and convert it into chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Calvin cycle uses the energy from ATP and NADPH produced in the light reactions to convert carbon dioxide into sugars.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The process by which carbon dioxide from the atmosphere is incorporated into an organic molecule, such as a sugar.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Molecules that absorb light energy at specific wavelengths.</p> Signup and view all the answers