Biology Chapter on Cell Structure and Functions

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following structures is found in eukaryotic cells but not in prokaryotic cells?

Nucleus (correct)

Cytoplasm

Ribosomes

Cell membrane

Aerobic respiration occurs without the use of oxygen.

False

What is the primary function of ribosomes in a cell?

Protein synthesis

The __________ cycle converts CO2 into glucose during photosynthesis.

Calvin Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of transport with their characteristics:

Passive transport = Does not require energy Active transport = Requires ATP Endocytosis = Process of taking in materials Exocytosis = Process of expelling materials Signup and view all the answers

What type of mutation results in an addition or deletion of a nucleotide?

Frameshift mutation Signup and view all the answers

In codominance, only one trait is expressed in the phenotype.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the process by which DNA is transcribed into mRNA called?

Transcription Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of producers in an ecosystem?

To convert energy from the sun into biomass Signup and view all the answers

Consumers are organisms that produce their own food using sunlight.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the 10% rule in trophic levels?

Only 10% of energy is transferred to the next trophic level. Signup and view all the answers

The process of ________ fixes nitrogen in the ecosystem.

nitrogen fixation Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms to their definitions:

Exponential growth = Growth at a constant rate, following a J-shaped curve Logistic growth = Growth that reaches a carrying capacity and follows an S-shaped curve Succession = The process of change in species composition over time Carrying capacity = The maximum population size that an environment can sustain Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes natural selection?

It favors traits that improve survival and reproduction over generations. Signup and view all the answers

Geographic isolation is a mechanism that can lead to speciation.

True Signup and view all the answers

What is one example of evidence for evolution?

Fossils, comparative anatomy, embryonic similarities, or molecular evidence. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Cell Structure and Function

Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, while eukaryotic cells have them.
Cellular organelles have specific functions: nucleus (genetic material), mitochondria (ATP production), ribosomes (protein synthesis), ER (protein and lipid synthesis), Golgi apparatus (protein modification).

Cell Membrane and Transport

Cell membranes are phospholipid bilayers with embedded proteins.
Passive transport includes diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion.
Active transport requires ATP and includes endocytosis and exocytosis.

Cellular Respiration

Glycolysis breaks down glucose into pyruvate.
The Krebs cycle produces electron carriers and ATP.
The electron transport chain uses oxygen to produce ATP.
Aerobic respiration uses oxygen; anaerobic respiration (fermentation) does not.

Photosynthesis

Light-dependent reactions in thylakoids produce ATP and NADPH.
The Calvin cycle in the stroma converts CO2 into glucose.

Enzymes

Enzymes are biological catalysts that lower activation energy for reactions.
Temperature, pH, and substrate concentration affect enzyme activity.

DNA Structure and Function

DNA is a double helix with nucleotides (A, T, G, C).
Replication is semi-conservative, each new DNA molecule containing one old and one new strand.

RNA and Protein Synthesis

Transcription produces mRNA from DNA in the nucleus.
Translation uses mRNA to produce proteins in the cytoplasm.

Mendelian Genetics

Law of Segregation: alleles separate during gamete formation.
Law of Independent Assortment: genes for different traits assort independently.
Dominant and recessive traits; Punnett squares predict offspring genotypes.

Non-Mendelian Genetics

Incomplete dominance results in blended traits.
Codominance expresses both traits.
Polygenic traits are controlled by multiple genes.

Mutations

Mutations are changes in DNA.
They can be beneficial, neutral, or harmful.

Biotechnology

Biotechnology techniques include gel electrophoresis, CRISPR, and genetic engineering.
Applications include medicine, agriculture, and forensics.

Levels of Organization

Levels include organism, population, community, ecosystem, biome, and biosphere.
Energy flows through food chains and webs.
Only 10% of energy is typically transferred between trophic levels.

Biogeochemical Cycles

Biogeochemical cycles include the water cycle (evaporation, condensation, precipitation).
The carbon cycle balances CO2 through photosynthesis and respiration.
The nitrogen cycle includes processes like nitrogen fixation and nitrification.

Ecosystem Dynamics

Ecosystem dynamics involve biotic and abiotic factors.
Succession occurs in both primary and secondary environments.

Population Ecology

Population growth models include exponential and logistic growth.
Factors affecting population size include birth rate, death rate, immigration, and emigration.

Human Impact

Human activities affect ecosystems through pollution, deforestation, and climate change.
Conservation efforts and sustainable practices are crucial.

Natural Selection

Natural selection is a process where better-adapted organisms survive and reproduce.
Principles include overproduction, genetic variation, struggle for existence, and differential survival.
Evidence of evolution includes fossils, comparative anatomy, and molecular comparisons.

Analogous Structures

Analogous structures show different structures but same function.

Vestigial Structures

Vestigial structures are reduced or unused structures.

Mechanisms of Evolution

Mechanisms include genetic drift, gene flow, mutations, and sexual selection.

Speciation

Speciation occurs when new species are formed from existing ones.
Mechanisms include geographic and reproductive isolation.

Human Evolution

Human evolution shows common ancestors with primates.
Evidence includes fossil evidence of bipedalism and increasing brain size.

Misconceptions of Evolution

Evolution does not happen within an individual's lifetime.
It is not goal-directed.

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Description

Test your knowledge about the fundamental concepts of cell biology, including prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, cellular organelles, and their specific functions. Explore topics like cell membrane transport, cellular respiration, and photosynthesis in detail. This quiz covers essential processes and structures that are vital for understanding life at a cellular level.