Plant Cell Structure and Functions
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Questions and Answers

What are the hollow cylinders composed of tubulin in plant cells called?

  • Actin filaments
  • Protofilaments
  • Microfilaments
  • Microtubules (correct)

What is the diameter of microfilaments in plant cells?

  • 10 nm
  • 7 nm (correct)
  • 25 nm
  • 20 nm

Which protein is a key component of microfilaments?

  • Collagen
  • Keratin
  • Actin (correct)
  • Myosin

What structure encloses all cells and separates the cytoplasm from the external environment?

<p>Plasma membrane (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process describes the movement of lipid and protein molecules within the membrane?

<p>Lateral diffusion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the cell wall in plant cells?

<p>Provide strength and maintain turgidity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which substance is NOT found in plant cell walls?

<p>Chitin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes plant cells from animal cells?

<p>Presence of a cell wall (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the nucleus in a cell?

<p>Storing and replicating chromosomes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure within the nucleus is involved in ribosome synthesis?

<p>Nucleolus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occupies about 8% of the surface area of the nuclear membrane?

<p>Nuclear pores (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where are ribosomal proteins synthesized before entering the nucleus?

<p>Cytosol (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two types of cell walls found in plant cells?

<p>Primary and secondary (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic that distinguishes plant cells from other types of cells?

<p>Cell walls (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does photosynthesis occur in plant cells?

<p>Chloroplasts (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of parenchyma cells?

<p>Photosynthesis and storage (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of plant cell provides support to growing parts of the plant?

<p>Collenchyma cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of plant cell mainly transports water and nutrients throughout the plant?

<p>Xylem cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of plant cells?

<p>Protein synthesis in the prokaryotic nucleus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of sclerenchyma cells in plants?

<p>Support in non-growing parts (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the central vacuole's primary function in plant cells?

<p>Storage and maintaining turgor pressure (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of chloroplasts in plant cells?

<p>Photosynthesis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure within chloroplasts contains chlorophyll and captures light energy?

<p>Thylakoids (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about vacuoles in plant cells is true?

<p>Vacuoles can store substances like waste and pigments. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How much of a plant cell's volume can the central vacuole occupy?

<p>30-80 percent (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of mitochondria?

<p>Cellular respiration (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does a hypotonic solution have on plant cells?

<p>It promotes high turgidity in cells. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the cell wall in plant cells?

<p>Protection and support (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure in mitochondria is responsible for the synthesis of ATP?

<p>Cristae (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component is NOT part of the mitochondrial DNA?

<p>Histones (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to plants when turgor pressure decreases?

<p>They begin to wilt. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the inner membrane of mitochondria?

<p>Convoluted with cristae (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary shape of chloroplasts?

<p>Oval-shaped (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the cytoskeleton play in a cell?

<p>Maintaining cell shape (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is found within the mitochondrial matrix?

<p>Enzymes of Krebs cycle (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about chloroplasts and mitochondria is true?

<p>They originated from separate endosymbiotic events. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary component of the cytosol?

<p>Water (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of ribosomes in the cytosol?

<p>Translation of mRNA into proteins (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of endoplasmic reticulum is responsible for lipid synthesis?

<p>Smooth ER (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the Golgi apparatus relate to the endoplasmic reticulum?

<p>It processes and transports substances produced in the ER. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are vesicles formed from the Golgi apparatus primarily used for?

<p>Transporting and discharging substances within the cell (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does tRNA play in protein synthesis?

<p>It translates the nucleotide sequence of mRNA into amino acids. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is the rough endoplasmic reticulum primarily involved?

<p>Synthesis of proteins (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes the trans face from the cis face of the Golgi apparatus?

<p>The cis face receives substances from the endoplasmic reticulum. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cellular structure is known for producing ATP through cellular respiration?

<p>Mitochondria (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Plant Cell Definition

Plant cells are the basic unit of life in plants, having a true nucleus and specialized organelles.

Plant Cell Function

Plant cells carry out essential functions for survival, including photosynthesis (making food), and cellular respiration (energy production).

Parenchyma Cell

The most common plant cell type, involved in photosynthesis, respiration, storage, and wound healing.

Collenchyma Cell

Plant cells that support growing parts, with thick walls that allow growth and change.

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Sclerenchyma Cell

Hard, supporting plant cells in areas that have stopped growing, with extremely thick walls.

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Xylem Function

Transport water and some nutrients from roots to the rest of the plant.

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Phloem Function

Transport nutrients (sugars) produced during photosynthesis to all parts of the plant.

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Plant Cell Organelles

Specialized structures within plant cells that perform specific functions.

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Chloroplast function

Chloroplasts are organelles that carry out photosynthesis, converting light energy, water, and carbon dioxide into nutrients.

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Chloroplast location

Chloroplasts are found only in plant and algae cells.

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Chloroplast structure

Chloroplasts have two membranes (outer and inner) with a space between them, and an inner compartment called the stroma, containing thylakoids.

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Plant cell vacuole

A large central vacuole is a characteristic feature of plant cells, taking up a significant portion of the cell's volume.

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Vacuole function

Plant vacuoles regulate turgor pressure, maintain water balance, store wastes, and secondary metabolites.

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Turgor pressure

The pressure of cell contents against the cell wall, important for plant support.

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Hypotonic solution

A solution with a lower solute concentration than inside the cell, causing water to enter the cell.

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Isotonic solution

A solution with an equal solute concentration to inside the cell, causing no net water movement.

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Cell Wall Function

The cell wall provides strength and support to the plant cell, primarily composed of cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin, and lignin.

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What makes plant cell walls unique?

Plant cell walls are distinct from other organisms due to their main component, cellulose. Fungi cell walls contain chitin, and bacteria have peptidoglycan.

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Primary cell wall

A flexible, outer layer formed during plant cell growth.

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Secondary cell wall

A tough, thick layer formed inside the primary cell wall when the cell matures.

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Nucleus Function

The nucleus contains DNA, the cell's genetic material, which instructs the synthesis of proteins and regulates growth and division.

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Nuclear Envelope

A double membrane surrounding the nucleus, with a perinuclear space between the membranes.

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Nuclear Pores

Openings in the nuclear envelope that allow transport of substances between the cytoplasm and the nucleus.

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Nucleolus Function

The nucleolus is a dense region within the nucleus responsible for producing ribosomal RNA (rRNA).

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Microtubule Structure

Microtubules are hollow cylinders, 25 nm in diameter, made of tubulin protein monomers arranged in 13 columns called proto-filaments.

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Microfilament Structure

Microfilaments are solid, 7 nm in diameter, composed of two chains of polymerized actin subunits wound in a helix.

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Plasma Membrane Function

The plasma membrane (plasmalemma) encloses the cell, controlling what enters and exits, allowing selective transport of molecules across the membrane.

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Phospholipid Bilayer

All biological membranes consist of a double layer (bilayer) of phospholipids with embedded proteins.

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Membrane Fluidity

Biological membranes are not static but dynamic, with both lipid and protein molecules constantly moving within the plane of the membrane.

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Mitochondria Function

Mitochondria are responsible for cellular respiration, the process of converting glucose into usable energy (ATP).

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Mitochondria Structure

Mitochondria have a double membrane structure with an inner membrane folded into cristae, which increase surface area for energy production.

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Matrix

The compartment within the inner membrane of a mitochondrion contains enzymes for the Krebs cycle.

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Cytosol

The fluid within the cell, mostly water, containing ions, proteins, and small molecules.

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Cytoskeleton

A network of protein filaments that provides support, shape, and helps move organelles within the cell.

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Cell Membrane

A double layer of phospholipids that surrounds the entire cell, controlling what enters and exits.

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Endosymbiosis

The theory that mitochondria and chloroplasts originated from bacteria that were engulfed by other cells, forming a mutually beneficial relationship.

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Mitochondrial DNA

Mitochondria have their own circular DNA, similar to bacteria, but smaller than the cell's nuclear DNA.

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What is the endoplasmic reticulum?

A network of internal membranes found in eukaryotic cells, involved in protein synthesis and lipid metabolism.

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What are the two types of ER?

Rough ER (RER) and smooth ER (SER). RER is studded with ribosomes, involved in protein synthesis. SER lacks ribosomes and is responsible for lipid synthesis and detoxification.

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What is the role of ribosomes on RER?

Ribosomes on the rough endoplasmic reticulum synthesize proteins destined for secretion or incorporation into cellular membranes.

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What is the Golgi apparatus?

A stack of flattened sacs called cisternae that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids.

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What happens to proteins in the Golgi apparatus?

Proteins that are made in the rough ER are transported to the Golgi, where they are folded, modified, and packaged into vesicles for transport to their final destination.

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What is the role of vesicles in the Golgi?

Vesicles bud off from the Golgi apparatus to transport proteins and other molecules to different parts of the cell or to the cell exterior.

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How are mitochondria involved in plant cells?

Mitochondria are responsible for cellular respiration, the process of converting glucose into ATP (energy) for the cell.

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What is the role of plasmodesmata in plant cells?

Plasmodesmata are channels that connect the cytoplasm of adjacent plant cells, allowing for communication and transport of molecules.

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Study Notes

Plant Cell Definition

  • Plants are multicellular organisms made of specialized cells
  • Plant cells are eukaryotic
  • Plant cells have a true nucleus and specialized organelles
  • Plant cells are different from animal, fungal, and protist cells by their cell walls, chloroplasts, and central vacuoles.

Plant Cell Functions

  • Plant cells carry out functions necessary for survival
  • Photosynthesis occurs in chloroplasts (making food from light energy, CO2, and water)
  • ATP (energy molecule) is produced via cellular respiration in mitochondria
  • Five types of plant cells exist, each with specific roles:
    • Parenchyma: Main cells in leaves, involved in photosynthesis and respiration, storing starches and proteins, and wound repair
    • Collenchyma: Support growing plant parts with thick cell walls
    • Sclerenchyma: Support plant parts that have stopped growing through thick, dead cell walls
    • Xylem: Transports water and nutrients throughout the plant
    • Phloem: Transports sugars made during photosynthesis to all plant parts

Plant Cell Structure

  • Plant cells have many parts, each with a specific role called organelles
  • Each plant cell part has a specialized function

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Description

This quiz explores the structure and functions of plant cells, highlighting their unique features and roles in plant life. Learn about the different types of plant cells, their specific functions, and the processes of photosynthesis and respiration. Perfect for students studying biology or plant sciences.

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