Biology Chapter on Plant and Cell Functions

Plant Pigments

• Chlorophyll is the pigment that makes plants appear green.

Photosynthesis

• Chloroplast absorbs light energy for photosynthesis.

Reproduction

• Asexual reproduction allows organisms to reproduce without a partner.
• Sexual reproduction creates genetically diverse offspring.

DNA Structure

• DNA coils into structures called chromosomes.

Cell Renewal

• Cell division replaces dead cells.

Cell Cycle Stages

• The cell cycle consists of interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis.

Structure and Function in Multicellular Organisms

• Multicellular organisms are complex, with specialized cells and tissues that work together.
• Cells group into tissues, tissues form organs, and organs form organ systems.
• This structure allows for efficient tasks to be completed.

Organic Molecules and Biological Processes

• Organic molecules, mostly carbon-based, are essential for life.
• Key organic molecules include carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
• Carbohydrates are the body's primary energy source and are important for energy storage.
• Lipids (fats and oils) store energy, insulate, and form cell membranes.
• Proteins have many functions, including support, enzyme action, and transportation.
• Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) store and transmit genetic information for inheritance and protein synthesis.

PMAT (Mitosis)

• The cell cycle results in a parent cell dividing into two daughter cells.
• PMAT represents the four key stages of mitosis, crucial to the cell cycle.
• Prophase: Chromatin condenses, nuclear envelope disappears, and spindle fibers form.
• Metaphase: Chromosomes line up along the cell's middle (metaphase plate).
• Anaphase: Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles.
• Telophase: Chromosomes unwind, new nuclear envelopes form, and the cell begins to divide.
• Cytokinesis: The cytoplasm divides, forming two separate daughter cells; this is distinct from PMAT.
• Mitosis supports cell growth, repair, and asexual reproduction.

Explore the essential topics in biology including plant pigments, photosynthesis, and reproduction. This quiz will also cover the structure of DNA and the stages of the cell cycle. Test your understanding of these foundational concepts in life sciences.