Biology Chapter: Lipids and Their Functions

Saponification is the hydrolysis of fats and oils by boiling them with an alkaline metal hydroxide.

Fats serve as an energy source, help cushion internal organs, and store some vitamins.

Phospholipids form lipid bilayers that serve as barriers and make the membranes selectively permeable.

<p>Gangliosides play an essential role in signal transmission and cell recognition in nerve cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Steroids consist of a tetracyclic skeleton made up of three fused six-membered rings and one five-membered ring.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Elevated cholesterol levels can lead to lipid deposits in blood vessels, potentially causing heart disease and stroke.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Terpenes are synthesized from isoprene and are often found in essential oils derived from plants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prostaglandins have hormone-like activities, including regulating body temperature, blood pressure, and smooth muscle contractions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Waxes consist of long-chain fatty acids and a hydroxyl or alcohol group.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Waxes serve as protective coatings for plants, preventing water loss and guarding against microorganisms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Proteins are essential for growth, cell structure, homeostasis, and various biological functions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The two main ends are the N-terminal and C-terminal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Meat.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Contractile proteins, such as actin and myosin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hydrogen bonds between main chain peptide groups stabilize the secondary structure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The arrangement of multiple polypeptide chains forming a complex.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Defensive proteins, such as antibodies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nonpolar hydrophobic interactions and other interactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ovalbumin, which is found in egg whites.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inorganic compounds and organic compounds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Biomolecules are essential molecules for all living organisms that contribute to the structure and function of cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A compound is a substance made up of two or more elements that are chemically combined.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Monomers are the individual units that link together to form macromolecules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Monosaccharides are simple sugars consisting of one sugar unit. Examples include glucose and fructose.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Carbohydrates serve as the primary source of energy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Disaccharides are formed by joining two monosaccharides through a condensation reaction. Their chemical formula is C12H22O11.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Carbohydrates contain 4 calories per gram on average.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The main function of polysaccharides is to act as storage and structural molecules. They provide energy storage and support structures in plants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Disaccharides can be broken down into monosaccharides through hydrolysis, which involves the addition of water.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lactose, maltose, or sucrose.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Starch is a type of polysaccharide that serves as a major storage form of glucose in plants. It is made up of glucose monomers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glycogen serves as an animal carbohydrate storage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cellulose is insoluble in water and cannot be digested by many organisms, except certain microorganisms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lipids serve as energy sources, insulation, and structural components of cell membranes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Saturated fatty acids have no double bonds and are solid at room temperature, while unsaturated fatty acids contain double bonds and are liquid at room temperature.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A triglyceride is composed of three fatty acids attached to a glycerol molecule and functions mainly for long-term energy storage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chitin is a structural polysaccharide found in the outer coverings of crustaceans and insects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lipids are only soluble in nonpolar solvents such as benzene, chloroform, and ether.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Carbohydrates should make up 60% of the daily diet.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Linoleic acid is commonly found in corn oil.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The highly branched structure of glycogen allows for rapid release of glucose when needed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The monomer of nucleic acids is the nucleotide.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The two classes of nitrogenous bases are pyrimidines and purines.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>DNA contains deoxyribose sugar.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>DNA is double-stranded, while RNA is usually single-stranded.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A codon is a triplet of nucleotides in DNA that codes for an amino acid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Uracil is found in RNA but not in DNA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A phosphodiester bond connects nucleotides together.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>RNA is mostly located in the cytoplasm.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A mutation is a change in the structure of genetic material in DNA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Somatic mutations affect body cells, while germ mutations can be passed to offspring.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A missense mutation results in the substitution of one amino acid for another in a polypeptide chain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A nonsense mutation creates a stop codon, prematurely terminating the polypeptide chain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Frameshift mutations occur through the insertion or deletion of a single nitrogen base.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sickle-cell anemia is an example of a disease caused by point mutations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chromosomal deletion results in the loss of a portion of a chromosome.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Duplication refers to a portion of a chromosome being repeated.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Each amino acid has a central carbon, a hydrogen atom, an amino group (-NH₂), and a carboxyl group (-COOH).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A peptide consists of up to 10 amino acids, while a polypeptide contains more than 10 amino acids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Essential amino acids are those that must be consumed because the body cannot produce them, and there are 9 essential amino acids required.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>mRNA carries the genetic instructions from DNA to the ribosome for the synthesis of proteins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>tRNA transports specific amino acids to the ribosome, matching them to the corresponding codons in the mRNA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A codon is a sequence of three nucleotides in mRNA that specifies a particular amino acid during protein synthesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The central dogma of biology states that genetic information flows from DNA to RNA during transcription and from RNA to protein during translation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Transcription is the process where mRNA is synthesized from the DNA template.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A peptide bond, or amide bond, links amino acids together in a protein chain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The anticodon on tRNA is complementary to the mRNA codon and ensures the correct amino acid is added during protein synthesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers