Lipids and Cell Membranes

1 kcal = $4.2$ kJ 1 kJ = The amount of energy required to raise the temperature of $1$kg of water by $1^\circ$C 1g carbohydrate = $16$ kJ of energy 1g fat = $38$ kJ of energy

16-year-old girls = $9600$ kJ 16-year-old boys = $12600$ kJ

Carbon = C Hydrogen = H Nitrogen = N Oxygen = O

<p>Vitamin A = Night Blindness Vitamin B = Beriberi Vitamin C = Scurvy Vitamin D = Rickets</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Calcium = Dairy products Magnesium = Wholegrain cereal, green vegetables Iron = Liver, meat, spinach, nuts Water = Essential for life</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Catabolic Reactions = Break down complex molecules into simpler molecules and release energy in the process Anabolic Reactions = Use energy to build up more complex molecules out of simple molecules ATP = Stores and transports energy within the cell Energy Cycle = Process in which ATP is formed and the stored energy is released</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Anabolism = Process of building complex molecules from simpler ones Catabolism = Process of breaking down complex molecules into simpler ones Phospholipid = Lipid molecule composed of two fatty acids and a phosphate group Monosaccharide = Simplest form of sugar, such as glucose or fructose</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vitamin A = Night Blindness Vitamin D = Rickets Vitamin E = Muscle weakness Vitamin K = Impaired blood clotting</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Magnesium and Calcium = Formation of bone Iron = Formation of haemoglobin Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen = Elements found in carbohydrates and fats Nitrogen = Element found in amino acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Carbohydrates = $CH2O$ Lipids = 1 glycerol &amp; 3 fatty acids Proteins = Composed of amino acids Vitamins = Organic compounds with various structures</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Soluble Fibre = Fibre which dissolves in water and ferments in the colon Insoluble Fibre = Fibre which does not dissolve in water and absorbs water as it moves through the digestive system Dietary Fibre = The indigestible portion of food derived from plants Structural Polysaccharides = Used to build tissues, such as cellulose in plant cell walls and chitin in insect exoskeletons</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fats = Solid at room temperature, saturated, and commonly found in animals Oils = Liquid at room temperature, unsaturated or polyunsaturated, and commonly found in plants Triglycerides = Basic unit of lipids, consisting of 1 glycerol &amp; 3 fatty acids Carbon-to-Carbon Bonds = In fats, all these bonds are single, while in oils, they can be single or double</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fats and Oils = Main structural role in the formation of cell membranes Phospholipids = Have a phosphate group replacing one of the fatty acids, making them soluble in water and fats/oils Proteins = Have many functions, including building tissues and controlling the working of organisms Vitamins = Required in tiny amounts for the proper functioning of cells and maintaining health</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Essential Amino Acids = Cannot be synthesized by the organism and must be obtained from the diet Non-Essential Amino Acids = Can be synthesized by the organism and are not required in the diet Amino Group = Symbolized by $-NH_3$, it is part of the basic unit of an amino acid Carboxylic Acid Group = Symbolized by $-COOH$, it is part of the basic unit of an amino acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Structural Proteins = Actin and myosin (make muscle), collagen (connective tissue), keratin (hair) Physiological Proteins = Enzymes (biological catalysts) and Hormones (affect the activity of other glands and structures) Enzymes = Control the rate of all chemical reactions within the organism Hormones = Produced by endocrine glands and affect the activity of other glands and structures</p> Signup and view all the answers