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Questions and Answers
Which component is NOT part of a nucleotide?
Which component is NOT part of a nucleotide?
DNA and RNA both contain the same nitrogenous bases.
DNA and RNA both contain the same nitrogenous bases.
False
What forms the backbone of DNA?
What forms the backbone of DNA?
Deoxyribose sugar and phosphate group
A nucleotide lacking a phosphate group is called a ______.
A nucleotide lacking a phosphate group is called a ______.
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Match the following nitrogenous bases with their respective nucleic acids:
Match the following nitrogenous bases with their respective nucleic acids:
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What type of bond forms between the oxygen and hydrogen atoms in a water molecule?
What type of bond forms between the oxygen and hydrogen atoms in a water molecule?
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Water can dissolve both polar molecules and nonpolar molecules.
Water can dissolve both polar molecules and nonpolar molecules.
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What angle (in degrees) does the H-O-H bond in a water molecule approximate?
What angle (in degrees) does the H-O-H bond in a water molecule approximate?
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Water is known as a _____ solvent.
Water is known as a _____ solvent.
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Match the following properties of water with their effects:
Match the following properties of water with their effects:
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Which of the following substances would water most likely NOT dissolve?
Which of the following substances would water most likely NOT dissolve?
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Hydrogen bonding in water contributes to its high boiling point.
Hydrogen bonding in water contributes to its high boiling point.
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Why is water essential for living organisms?
Why is water essential for living organisms?
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What sugar is commonly known as the subunit of most polysaccharides?
What sugar is commonly known as the subunit of most polysaccharides?
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All carbohydrates are either aldehydes or ketones.
All carbohydrates are either aldehydes or ketones.
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What are the two main types of monosaccharides mentioned?
What are the two main types of monosaccharides mentioned?
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Glucose, fructose, and galactose are examples of ______.
Glucose, fructose, and galactose are examples of ______.
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Which of these carbohydrates contains a 1,4 glycosidic linkage?
Which of these carbohydrates contains a 1,4 glycosidic linkage?
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Match the following monosaccharides with their characteristics:
Match the following monosaccharides with their characteristics:
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What is the result of the condensation reaction between two amino acids?
What is the result of the condensation reaction between two amino acids?
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All proteins are composed only of amino acids containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
All proteins are composed only of amino acids containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
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Ribose and deoxyribose are hexoses.
Ribose and deoxyribose are hexoses.
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Carbohydrates have the general formula C x(H2O)y, where x and y are ______.
Carbohydrates have the general formula C x(H2O)y, where x and y are ______.
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How many different amino acids are commonly found in naturally occurring proteins?
How many different amino acids are commonly found in naturally occurring proteins?
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The _____ bond forms between the amino group of one amino acid and the carboxylic group of another.
The _____ bond forms between the amino group of one amino acid and the carboxylic group of another.
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Match the following terms with their descriptions:
Match the following terms with their descriptions:
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What percentage of the total dry mass of cells is made up of proteins?
What percentage of the total dry mass of cells is made up of proteins?
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What does the primary structure of a protein refer to?
What does the primary structure of a protein refer to?
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Proteins are organic compounds that always contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and _____ in their structure.
Proteins are organic compounds that always contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and _____ in their structure.
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Which base pairs are connected by two hydrogen bonds?
Which base pairs are connected by two hydrogen bonds?
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In DNA, guanine is complementary to uracil.
In DNA, guanine is complementary to uracil.
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What is the primary purpose of mRNA?
What is the primary purpose of mRNA?
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The structure of tRNA is often described as a ______ due to its folded shape.
The structure of tRNA is often described as a ______ due to its folded shape.
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Match the following types of RNA with their primary functions:
Match the following types of RNA with their primary functions:
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What is the characteristic directionality of the two DNA strands?
What is the characteristic directionality of the two DNA strands?
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RNA contains thymine as one of its bases.
RNA contains thymine as one of its bases.
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What are the two types of bonds that hold together the complementary base pairs in DNA?
What are the two types of bonds that hold together the complementary base pairs in DNA?
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What is the primary function of NADPH?
What is the primary function of NADPH?
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FADH2 is the oxidized form of Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide.
FADH2 is the oxidized form of Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide.
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What role does Coenzyme A play in metabolism?
What role does Coenzyme A play in metabolism?
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Nucleotides are linked together by a __________ bond to form polynucleotides.
Nucleotides are linked together by a __________ bond to form polynucleotides.
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Match the following coenzymes with their functions:
Match the following coenzymes with their functions:
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Which of the following statements is true regarding the nitrogenous bases of DNA?
Which of the following statements is true regarding the nitrogenous bases of DNA?
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FADH2 carries electrons during aerobic respiration.
FADH2 carries electrons during aerobic respiration.
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How many ends does a polynucleotide have?
How many ends does a polynucleotide have?
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Study Notes
Biochemistry (Basic Molecules and Enzymes)
-
Syllabus Section 2: The Biomolecules of Life
- Carbohydrates
- Lipids
- Proteins
- Nucleic Acids
Basic Chemistry
- Matter: Anything that takes up space and has mass. Composed of elements.
- Elements: Cannot be broken down into simpler substances. Common elements in living organisms include carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur.
- Atoms: Smallest units of elements. Consist of a central nucleus containing protons and neutrons, with electrons orbiting the nucleus.
- Protons: Positively charged particles located in the nucleus.
- Neutrons: Neutral particles located in the nucleus.
- Electrons: Negatively charged particles orbiting the nucleus in electron shells.
- Atomic Number (Z): Number of protons in an atom's nucleus.
- Mass Number (A): Total number of protons and neutrons in an atom's nucleus.
- Isotopes: Atoms of the same element with a different number of neutrons.
- Electron Shells: Electrons occupy specific energy levels or shells around the nucleus. Each shell has a maximum capacity for electrons.
-
Chemical Bonds: Forces of attraction between atoms that hold them together in molecules.
- Ionic Bonds: Electrons are transferred from one atom to another, creating ions that are attracted to each other.
-
Covalent Bonds: Atoms share one or more pairs of electrons.
- Polar Covalent Bonds: Unequal sharing of electrons, creating partial charges.
- Nonpolar Covalent Bonds: Equal sharing of electrons.
- Hydrogen Bonds: Attraction between a slightly positive hydrogen atom of one molecule and a slightly negative atom (often oxygen or nitrogen) in another molecule.
- Van der Waals Forces: Weak intermolecular forces resulting from temporary fluctuations in electron distribution.
Chemical Bonds (continued)
- Compounds: Formed when atoms of two or more different elements react or bond together.
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Ions: Charged particles formed when atoms gain or lose electrons.
- Cations: Positively charged ions.
- Anions: Negatively charged ions.
Water
- Dipole Nature: Water is a polar molecule, having a slightly positive charge on the hydrogen atoms and a slightly negative charge on the oxygen atom. This arises from unequal sharing of electrons.
- Hydrogen Bonding: Water molecules are attracted to each other through hydrogen bonds. These bonds are responsible for water's unique properties.
- High Heat Capacity: Water absorbs a large amount of heat energy with only a small temperature increase.
- High Latent Heat of Vaporisation: A relatively large amount of energy is needed to vaporize water, leading to a cooling effect.
- Density and Freezing Properties: Ice is less dense than liquid water, enabling ice to float and insulate bodies of water.
- High Surface Tension and Cohesion: Water molecules strongly attract each other, leading to high surface tension.
- Water as a Solvent: Water is a good solvent for polar molecules and ionic compounds due to its polarity. Hydration shells form around these substances.
Basic Chemistry of Carbon
- Organic Molecules: Molecules containing carbon and hydrogen.
- Covalent Bonds: Carbon forms four covalent bonds with other atoms, making chains and diverse shapes possible.
- Functional Groups: Clusters of atoms that always behave in a predictable way. Found attached to hydrocarbon chains.
-
Isomers: Molecules with the same chemical formula but different structures.
- Structural Isomers: Vary in the placement of their covalent bonds.
- Geometric Isomers (Stereoisomers): Vary in how these bonds are made to the surrounding atoms, especially in carbon-to-carbon double bonds.
- Optical Isomers (Stereoisomers): Are mirror images of each other that cannot be superimposed.
Carbohydrates (2.1.2)
- Monosaccharides: Simple sugars (e.g. glucose, fructose, galactose, ribose, deoxyribose).
- Disaccharides: Two monosaccharides joined together (e.g., maltose, sucrose, lactose). Linked by glycosidic bonds.
- Polysaccharides: Multiple monosaccharides joined together (e.g., starch, glycogen, cellulose). These vary in their structure and function depending on the linkages between monomers (α or β).
Lipids (2.1.3)
- Triglycerides: Formed from glycerol and fatty acids. Major energy storage molecules.
- Phospholipids: Composed of two fatty acid chains and a phosphate group attached to glycerol. Essential components of cell membranes. They have both hydrophobic and hydrophilic parts.
- Steroids: Complex ring structures (e.g., cholesterol, steroid hormones, vitamin D). They are involved in various functions, including cell membrane structure.
Proteins (2.1.4)
- Amino Acids: The monomers of proteins. Consist of an amino group (-NH2), a carboxyl group (-COOH), and a variable side chain (R group).
- Peptide Bonds: Covalent bonds linking amino acids together in a polypeptide chain.
- Primary Structure: The linear sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain.
- Secondary Structure: Recurring patterns produced by hydrogen bonding within the polypeptide chain (alpha-helix or beta-pleated sheet).
- Tertiary Structure: Three-dimensional arrangement of a polypeptide chain due to interactions between side chains (R groups).
- Quaternary Structure: The arrangement of two or more polypeptide chains in protein complexes.
Enzymes (2.2)
- Catalysts: Speed up chemical reactions without being consumed in the process.
- Active Site: The specific region of an enzyme where the substrate binds.
- Enzyme-Substrate Complex: The temporary complex formed when an enzyme binds to its substrate.
- Induced Fit Hypothesis: The active site of an enzyme changes shape slightly upon substrate binding, enabling stronger binding.
-
Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity:
- Temperature: Optimum temperature exists where enzyme activity is maximal. Extreme temperatures cause denaturation.
- pH levels: Optimum pH exists where enzymatic activity is maximal, deviations will cause denaturation.
- Substrate and Enzyme Concentration: Increasing substrate concentrations will boost the rate until the enzyme becomes saturated. Increasing enzyme concentration will boost the reaction rate.
Enzyme Inhibition
- Competitive Inhibitors: Molecules similar in structure to the substrate compete with the substrate for the active site, reduce the rate of reaction.
- Non-competitive Inhibitors: Do not resemble the structure of the substrate. These bind to a different site on the enzyme (allosteric site) and cause a conformational change that reduces catalytic ability of the enzyme, it reduces the maximal rate of reaction.
- Reverisble Inhibition: The inhibitor can detach from the enzyme.
- Irreversible Inhibition: The inhibitor permanently modifies the enzyme, inhibiting its action.
Allosteric Enzymes
- Allosteric Site: A regulatory site on an enzyme distinct from the active site.
- Regulation: The binding of allosteric inhibitors or activators to the allosteric site can induce conformational changes that alter enzyme activity.
- Feedback Inhibition: A regulatory mechanism where the end product of a metabolic pathway acts as an allosteric inhibitor, to reduce the rate of activity if the product is not needed.
Nucleic Acids (2.1.5)
- Nucleotides: Monomers of Nucleic acids. Consist of: a pentose sugar, a nitrogenous base (purines or pyrimidines) and a phosphate group.
- Phosphodiester Bonds: Link nucleotides together to form polynucleotides.
- DNA: Double-stranded helix.
- RNA: Single-stranded polynucleotide.
Vitamins as Coenzymes (2.1.6)
- Coenzymes: Small non-protein molecules essential for enzyme activity. Vitamins may provide coenzymes.
- NAD+/NADH; NADP+/NADPH; FAD/FADH2; Coenzyme A: These are common vitamins involved in biochemical reactions, including but not limited to the oxidation/reduction and enzyme/metabolic pathways involved in cellular respiration.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the essential properties of water and the components of nucleic acids. This quiz covers key concepts such as the structure of nucleotides, the significance of hydrogen bonding in water, and the classification of carbohydrates. Perfect for students studying biology at any level.
