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Questions and Answers
What is adhesion?
What is adhesion?
- Water molecules cling to the side of a beaker (correct)
- Water molecules are electrically attracted to each other
- A drop of water spilled on a table forms a drop on the table
- Water molecules are attracted to each other
What is cohesion?
What is cohesion?
- A sewing needle floats when placed on water
- The polarity of water molecules
- Water molecules cling to the side of a beaker
- Water molecules are attracted to each other (correct)
What is surface tension?
What is surface tension?
- Water molecules cling to plant cell walls
- A sewing needle floats on water (correct)
- A drop of water spreads out on a surface
- An acid increases hydrogen ion concentration
What is indicated by the arrow in a chemical diagram referring to a hydrogen ion?
What is indicated by the arrow in a chemical diagram referring to a hydrogen ion?
What is indicated by the arrow in a chemical diagram referring to a hydroxide ion?
What is indicated by the arrow in a chemical diagram referring to a hydroxide ion?
In a neutral solution, what is the relationship between hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions?
In a neutral solution, what is the relationship between hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions?
How does the pH of the solution on the right compare with that of the solution on the left?
How does the pH of the solution on the right compare with that of the solution on the left?
What type of weak bonds allow water molecules to be electrically attracted to each other?
What type of weak bonds allow water molecules to be electrically attracted to each other?
What property results from water molecules being electrically attracted to each other?
What property results from water molecules being electrically attracted to each other?
What is the amount of energy required to change the temperature of 1 g of liquid water by 1 °C?
What is the amount of energy required to change the temperature of 1 g of liquid water by 1 °C?
What is the useful quality of water that helps organisms resist rapid temperature changes?
What is the useful quality of water that helps organisms resist rapid temperature changes?
What is the best term to describe a mixture of sugar, flavorings, and carbon dioxide dissolved in water?
What is the best term to describe a mixture of sugar, flavorings, and carbon dioxide dissolved in water?
What does an acid do in an aqueous solution?
What does an acid do in an aqueous solution?
How many times more acidic is a pH of 6 compared to a pH of 9?
How many times more acidic is a pH of 6 compared to a pH of 9?
What is the best description of a buffer?
What is the best description of a buffer?
What causes most acid precipitation?
What causes most acid precipitation?
How many other water molecules is each water molecule joined to, and by what type of bonds?
How many other water molecules is each water molecule joined to, and by what type of bonds?
What characteristic does the unequal sharing of electrons within a water molecule create?
What characteristic does the unequal sharing of electrons within a water molecule create?
What is the term for an atom's tendency to pull electrons toward itself?
What is the term for an atom's tendency to pull electrons toward itself?
What type of bond is found between oxygen and hydrogens in a water molecule?
What type of bond is found between oxygen and hydrogens in a water molecule?
Why isn't an insect drowning when it stands on water?
Why isn't an insect drowning when it stands on water?
What is the name given to the molecule created when a water molecule gains a hydrogen ion?
What is the name given to the molecule created when a water molecule gains a hydrogen ion?
How does a hydroxide ion form?
How does a hydroxide ion form?
What type of ion is represented by a hydroxide ion?
What type of ion is represented by a hydroxide ion?
What is the correct equation for the dissociation of water?
What is the correct equation for the dissociation of water?
What is the charge on a hydronium ion?
What is the charge on a hydronium ion?
What is the charge on a hydroxide ion?
What is the charge on a hydroxide ion?
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Study Notes
Properties of Water
- Adhesion: Water molecules adhere to surfaces like beaker walls and plant cell walls, enabling capillary action.
- Cohesion: Water molecules attract one another, causing water drops to maintain a spherical shape rather than spreading out.
Water Behavior
- Surface Tension: Water's surface can support light objects, illustrated by a water strider moving on a pond without breaking the surface and a sewing needle floating when placed gently on water.
Ions and pH
- Hydrogen Ion (H+): A single proton representing the basic unit of acidity in solutions.
- Hydroxide Ion (OH-): Formed when water dissociates, it signifies basicity.
- Neutral Solutions: Have equal concentrations of hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions.
pH Levels
- Acidity Comparison: A pH of 6 is 1,000 times more acidic than a pH of 9.
- Basicity: Solutions with lower hydrogen ion concentrations compared to hydroxide ions are considered basic.
Molecular Characteristics
- Polarity of Water: Water has a positive and negative pole, which allows for hydrogen bonding between water molecules and with other polar molecules.
- Hydrogen Bonds: Weak bonds formed between the oxygen of one water molecule and the hydrogen of another lead to unique properties such as cohesion and high specific heat.
Thermal Properties
- Specific Heat: Water can absorb or release a large amount of heat with minimal temperature change, facilitating stable temperatures in organisms.
- Heat of Vaporization: Water's high heat of vaporization allows it to remain in liquid form across a broad range of temperatures.
Solutions
- Aqueous Solution: Mixtures where substances like sugars and flavorings are dissolved in water, exemplifying water’s role as a solvent.
- Acids: Substances increasing hydrogen ion concentration in solutions.
Buffer Systems
- Buffer Function: Buffers maintain pH stability by accepting excess hydrogen ions and donating them when depleted, playing critical roles in biological systems.
Environmental Factors
- Acid Precipitation: Resulting from sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides reacting with water in the atmosphere, contributing to acid rain.
Water Molecule Structure
- Molecule Bonds: Each water molecule forms four hydrogen bonds with other water molecules.
- Electronegativity: The tendency of an atom (like oxygen in water) to attract electrons, influencing molecular interactions.
Additional Ion Information
- Dissociation of Water: The equation for water dissociation is H2O + H2O ↔ H3O+ + OH-, signifying the formation of hydronium and hydroxide ions.
- Charges of Ions: Hydronium ions have a charge of +1, while hydroxide ions have a charge of -1.
Surface Phenomena and Animal Adaptations
- Surface Tension: Prevents small insects from drowning, allowing them to walk on water surfaces due to cohesive forces among water molecules.
Ion Nomenclature
- Hydronium Ion: Formed when a water molecule gains a hydrogen ion from another water molecule.
- Hydroxide Ion: Represents the negatively charged counterpart in the water dissociation process.
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