Behaviorism Overview and Key Figures
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Behaviorism Overview and Key Figures

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT a proponent of behaviorism?

  • Pavlov
  • Watson
  • Skinner
  • Freud (correct)

    • Behaviorism emphasizes the importance of internal mental processes.

    False

    What significant concept did Pavlov introduce through his experiments?

    Conditioning

    The behavior that fades away when not reinforced is known as __________.

    <p>extinction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match each behaviorist with their key contribution:

    <p>Pavlov = Conditioning with dogs Watson = Emphasis on observable behavior Thorndike = Law of effect Skinner = Operant conditioning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes the phenomenon where a learned behavior is displayed again after a period of absence?

    <p>Spontaneous return</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In higher order conditioning, an unconditioned stimulus may elicit a response without prior conditioning.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is stimulus generalization in Pavlov's experiments?

    <p>The tendency to respond to stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes the principle that a stimulus-response (S-R) bond is strengthened when the consequence is positive?

    <p>Law of Effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Thorndike believed that cats demonstrated insight when escaping from the box.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one of the three conditions specified by Thorndike that maximizes learning.

    <p>Law of Effect, Law of Readiness, or Law of Exercise</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the Law of _____, practice without feedback does not necessarily enhance performance.

    <p>Exercise</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes Skinner's approach to behaviorism?

    <p>Radical Behaviorism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What psychological school did John Watson establish?

    <p>Behaviorism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    John Watson believed that heredity played a significant role in determining behavior.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the principle to its description:

    <p>Law of Effect = Strengthens S-R bond with positive consequences Law of Readiness = Describes learner’s preparedness to respond Law of Exercise = Strengthens S-R bond with practice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what year did the 'Little Albert' experiment take place?

    <p>1920</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Law of Readiness implies that when a learner is ready to respond, it strengthens the bond with the stimulus even if they do not respond.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of Skinner's reinforcement processes?

    <p>Shaping behavior through environmental histories of reinforcing consequences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Edward Thorndike is known for his work on ______ and the theory of connectionism.

    <p>animal behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following figures with their contributions:

    <p>John B. Watson = Founder of behaviorism Edward Lee Thorndike = Theory of connectionism ‘Little Albert’ experiment = Empirical evidence of classical conditioning Puzzle Box experiments = Studied animal learning processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary theoretical goal of psychology according to Watson's behaviorist manifesto?

    <p>Predicting and controlling behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Watson's methods included introspection as a key part of his research.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of conditioning was demonstrated in the 'Little Albert' experiment?

    <p>classical conditioning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of reinforcement schedule pays workers based on the number of products they produce?

    <p>Fixed-ratio</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A variable-interval reinforcement schedule is characterized by rewards received after an exact amount of time.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a variable-ratio reinforcement schedule?

    <p>Payoffs from slot machines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a fixed-________ reinforcement schedule, behavior is reinforced after the first response following a specific amount of time.

    <p>interval</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following reinforcement schedules with their appropriate descriptions:

    <p>Fixed-ratio = Reinforcement after a specific number of responses Variable-ratio = Reinforcement after an average, unpredictable number of responses Fixed-interval = Reinforcement after a specific amount of time Variable-interval = Reinforcement after an average, unpredictable amount of time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is positive reinforcement?

    <p>The addition of a stimulus that increases behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Negative reinforcement is a form of punishment.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are neutral operants?

    <p>Responses from the environment that neither increase nor decrease the probability of a behavior being repeated.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Skinner's experiment, a response that decreases the likelihood of a behavior being repeated is called a ______.

    <p>punisher</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of reinforcement or punishment with their definitions:

    <p>Positive Reinforcement = Added stimulus increases behavior Negative Reinforcement = Removed aversive stimulus increases behavior Punishment = Added aversive stimulus decreases behavior Extinction = Removed rewarding stimulus decreases behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about both positive and negative reinforcement?

    <p>They both strengthen behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Punishment only affects behavior by removing a stimulus.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does a positive reinforcer have on behavior?

    <p>It increases the likelihood of the behavior being repeated.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a drawback of using a behavioral learning model?

    <p>Limited individualization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Behaviorism in education primarily focuses on cognitive skills over behavioral outcomes.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What might be a potential negative impact of using a strict behavioral learning model?

    <p>Negative emotional impact</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Behaviorism in education emphasizes the influence of external __________ and consequences.

    <p>stimuli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following drawbacks of the behavioral learning model with their descriptions:

    <p>Lack of focus on cognitive skills = Overlooks mental processes and understanding Short-term focus = May lead to temporary behavior changes without long-lasting learning Less autonomy and creativity = Restricts students' ability to explore and express themselves Potential for negative emotional impact = Can result in fear or failure in students</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Behaviorism Overview

    • Behaviorism focuses solely on observable behavior.
    • It disregards thoughts, feelings, and the mind.
    • Behaviorists believe that all behavior is learned through conditioning and reinforcement.

    Key Figures in Behaviorism

    • Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936): Pioneer of classical conditioning, known for experiments with dogs.
    • John B. Watson (1878-1958): Founder of behaviorism, emphasized environmental impact on behavior.
    • Edward Thorndike (1874-1949): Developed the theory of connectionism, studying animal behavior and trial-and-error learning.
    • B.F. Skinner (1904-1990): Developed operant conditioning, focusing on reinforcement and punishment.

    Types of Behaviorism

    • Methodological behaviorism: Psychology is a science of behavior, not the mind.
    • Psychological behaviorism: Behavior is caused by external stimuli, not internal mental processes.
    • Analytical behaviorism: Mental concepts and processes can be defined in behavioral terms.

    Pavlov's Classical Conditioning

    • Classical conditioning involves learning through association.
    • Pavlov demonstrated that a neutral stimulus (e.g., a bell), paired with an unconditioned stimulus (e.g., food), can become a conditioned stimulus that triggers a conditioned response (e.g., salivation).
    • Concepts include:
      • Unconditioned stimulus (UCS): naturally triggers a response
      • Unconditioned response (UCR): natural response to a stimulus
      • Neutral stimulus (NS): initially doesn't trigger a response
      • Conditioned stimulus (CS): initially neutral stimulus that now triggers a response after association
      • Conditioned response (CR): learned response to a previously neutral stimulus

    Watson's "Little Albert" Experiment

    • "Little Albert" experiment demonstrated classical conditioning in humans.
    • A neutral stimulus (a white rat) was paired with an unconditioned stimulus (a loud noise) causing a conditioned response (fear) in a child.

    Thorndike's Puzzle Box Experiments

    • Thorndike studied animal learning using puzzle boxes to learn how animals adapt to the situation.
    • His study showed that animals learn through trial-and-error and that reinforced behaviors are more likely to be repeated.
    • Thorndike's principles of learning:
      • Law of Effect: behavior followed by a satisfying consequence is strengthened. Behavior followed by an unpleasant consequence is weakened.
      • Law of Readiness: a learning process would be performed more efficiently if one is prepared to learn and vice versa.
      • Law of Exercise: the more a behavior is practiced, the stronger the association will be between the stimulus and the response

    Skinner's Operant Conditioning

    • Operant conditioning focuses on consequences and reinforcement schedules.
    • Reinforcement increases the likelihood of a behavior being repeated, while punishment decreases likelihood.
    • Two types of reinforcement:
      • Positive reinforcement: adding something desirable to increase a behavior.
      • Negative reinforcement: removing something unpleasant to increase a behavior.
    • Punishment: adding something unpleasant or removing something desirable to decrease a behavior.
    • Skinner box: experimental chamber used to study operant conditioning in animals.

    Schedules of Reinforcement and Extinction

    • Various schedules exist, affecting the rate of learning and extinction.
    • Schedules include:
      • Fixed-ratio, variable-ratio, fixed-interval, variable-interval
    • These schedules influence response rate and extinction speed in learning.

    Classroom Implications of Behaviorism

    • Consistent and repetitive stimuli can shape student behavior.
    • Techniques like token economies, prompting and fading, and behavior contracts are used to encourage desired behaviors.
    • Time-out and task analysis help modify behaviors.

    Drawbacks of Behaviorism

    • Limited focus on cognitive skills.
    • Difficulty in applying to complex learning.
    • Potential overemphasis on rewards and punishments.
    • May neglect individual differences.

    Conclusion of Behaviorism

    • Behaviorism provides insight into environmental influences on learning and behavior.
    • Applied effectively, it can create positive learning environments and maximize learning outcomes.
    • While having limitations, when combined with other learning models it can yield positive results for effective education.

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    Description

    This quiz explores the fundamental principles of behaviorism, a psychological perspective that emphasizes observable behavior over internal thoughts and feelings. Learn about key figures such as Ivan Pavlov, John B. Watson, and B.F. Skinner, and discover the different types of behaviorism. Test your understanding of the theories and methods that shape this influential psychological school.

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