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Questions and Answers
Which characteristic is specific to aerobic bacteria?
Which characteristic is specific to aerobic bacteria?
Clostridium perfringens is primarily associated with which condition?
Clostridium perfringens is primarily associated with which condition?
What type of species is Nocardia asteroides classified as?
What type of species is Nocardia asteroides classified as?
Actinomyces israelii is primarily associated with which condition?
Actinomyces israelii is primarily associated with which condition?
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Enterococcus faecalis is most commonly associated with which infection?
Enterococcus faecalis is most commonly associated with which infection?
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Which Clostridium species is responsible for tetanus?
Which Clostridium species is responsible for tetanus?
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Anaerobic bacteria differ from aerobic bacteria in their
Anaerobic bacteria differ from aerobic bacteria in their
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Nocardia species are primarily known for causing
Nocardia species are primarily known for causing
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The pathogenicity of Clostridium difficile is primarily associated with
The pathogenicity of Clostridium difficile is primarily associated with
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Which of the following is NOT a feature of Actinomycetes?
Which of the following is NOT a feature of Actinomycetes?
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The virulence factors of Enterococcus species include
The virulence factors of Enterococcus species include
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Which of the following acts as a major toxin for Clostridium tetani?
Which of the following acts as a major toxin for Clostridium tetani?
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Which Enterococcus species is commonly known for its role in hospital-acquired infections?
Which Enterococcus species is commonly known for its role in hospital-acquired infections?
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What is a common defining feature of Clostridia species?
What is a common defining feature of Clostridia species?
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Which characteristic is NOT true about Mycobacterium other than TB?
Which characteristic is NOT true about Mycobacterium other than TB?
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What is the primary treatment for infections caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae in adults?
What is the primary treatment for infections caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae in adults?
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Which of the following diseases is associated with Legionella pneumophila?
Which of the following diseases is associated with Legionella pneumophila?
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How does Mycoplasma pneumoniae differ from typical bacteria in structure?
How does Mycoplasma pneumoniae differ from typical bacteria in structure?
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What is a common feature of the bacterial genus Clostridium?
What is a common feature of the bacterial genus Clostridium?
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What best describes the shape of Legionella pneumophila?
What best describes the shape of Legionella pneumophila?
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Which condition is most likely caused by oral mycoplasmas?
Which condition is most likely caused by oral mycoplasmas?
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What is the respiratory route of entry associated with?
What is the respiratory route of entry associated with?
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Which of these is NOT a characteristic of Nocardia species?
Which of these is NOT a characteristic of Nocardia species?
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In which patient population is Pulmonary infection caused by Mycobacterium particularly common?
In which patient population is Pulmonary infection caused by Mycobacterium particularly common?
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Which of the following bacteria is classified as anaerobic and produces a toxin that causes myonecrosis?
Which of the following bacteria is classified as anaerobic and produces a toxin that causes myonecrosis?
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Of the following, which bacterium is known to cause antibiotic-associated colitis?
Of the following, which bacterium is known to cause antibiotic-associated colitis?
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Which bacterium is aerobically located in soil and is known for causing nocardiosis?
Which bacterium is aerobically located in soil and is known for causing nocardiosis?
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Which of the following is true about Enterococcus faecalis?
Which of the following is true about Enterococcus faecalis?
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Which Actinomycetes species is not associated with anaerobic conditions?
Which Actinomycetes species is not associated with anaerobic conditions?
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Regarding Clostridium tetani, which statement is correct?
Regarding Clostridium tetani, which statement is correct?
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What crucial feature distinguishes Nocardia species from other aerobic bacteria?
What crucial feature distinguishes Nocardia species from other aerobic bacteria?
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Which Clostridium species is known for causing gas gangrene?
Which Clostridium species is known for causing gas gangrene?
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What is a significant characteristic of Enterococcus species concerning antibiotic resistance?
What is a significant characteristic of Enterococcus species concerning antibiotic resistance?
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Which of the following is true about Actinomycetes israelii?
Which of the following is true about Actinomycetes israelii?
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Which fermentation products are produced by Prevotella nigrescens?
Which fermentation products are produced by Prevotella nigrescens?
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Which bacterial group does Fusobacterium nucleatum belong to?
Which bacterial group does Fusobacterium nucleatum belong to?
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Which statement about the virulence factors of Polyphromonas gingivalis is accurate?
Which statement about the virulence factors of Polyphromonas gingivalis is accurate?
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Which bacterium is characterized by being catalase positive and found in the anterior nares?
Which bacterium is characterized by being catalase positive and found in the anterior nares?
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Study Notes
Streptococci
- Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A) is found in the nasopharynx and skin. Produces streptokinase, hyaluronidase, DNAases, and haemolysins.
- Streptococcus agalactiae (Group B) is found in the female genital tract and causes infections in neonates.
- Group C streptococci cause disease in animals.
- Group D streptococci are enterococci.
Pathogenicity of Streptococcus Pyogenes
- Causes scarlet fever, impetigo, erysipelas, lymphangitis.
- Produces a pyrogenic exotoxin (erythrogenic toxin) which causes streptococcal shock syndrome and the scarlet fever rash.
- Can lead to complications such as rheumatic fever and glomerulonephritis.
Treatment of Streptococcus Pyogenes
- Penicillin is the first-line treatment.
- Clindamycin is an alternative for patients with penicillin hypersensitivity.
Streptococcus Agalactiae
- Causes neonatal meningitis, septicaemia, septic abortion, and gynaecological sepsis.
- Treatment includes penicillin, erythromycin (for hypersensitivity), and prophylactic antibiotics given to neonates if the mother is culture-positive.
Oral Streptococci
- These are alpha-haemolytic, found in the oropharynx, and are catalase negative.
- Include Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sanguis, and Streptococcus salivarius.
- Can cause infective endocarditis if they enter the bloodstream (bacteraemia).
Staphylococci
- Staphylococcus aureus is a major pathogen.
- Staphylococcus epidermidis is a commensal organism, but can cause disease in the immunocompromised.
Staphylococcus Aureus
- Produces coagulase, an enzyme that clots plasma.
- Causes a wide range of infections, including skin infections, abscesses, pneumonia, food poisoning, and toxic shock syndrome.
Treatment of Staphylococcus Aureus
- Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a significant problem, requiring vancomycin treatment.
Staphylococcus Epidermidis
- Often found on the skin and mucous membranes.
- Can cause infections in prosthetic devices.
Treatment of Staphylococcus Epidermidis
- Usually treated with antibiotics, but resistant strains are increasingly common.
Enterococci
- Eg: Enterococcus faecalis
- Have become increasingly resistant to antibiotics.
- Can cause urinary tract infections, wound infections, and endocarditis.
Treatment of Enterococci
- Treatment is often challenging due to antibiotic resistance.
- Vancomycin is a treatment option, but resistance is emerging.
Actinomycetes
- These are gram-positive, anaerobic bacteria.
- Include Actinomyces odontolyticus, Actinomyces israelii, and Nocardia asteroides.
Actinomyces odontolyticus
- Causes enamel demineralization.
Actinomyces israelii
- Causes actinomycosis, a chronic infection that can affect the jaw, lungs, and abdomen.
- Treatment includes penicillin and surgical drainage.
Clostridia
- These are gram-positive, anaerobic bacilli.
- Include Clostridium welchii, Clostridium tetani, Clostridium difficile, and Clostridium perfringens.
Clostridium welchii
- Causes gas gangrene, a serious and potentially fatal infection.
- Produces toxins that cause necrosis and tissue damage.
Treatment of Gas Gangrene
- Treatment includes debridement, antibiotics, and hyperbaric oxygen therapy.
Clostridium tetani
- Causes tetanus, a severe neurotoxin-mediated disease.
- Produces tetanospasmin, a neurotoxin that affects the nervous system.
Treatment of Tetanus
- Treatment focuses on providing supportive care, managing spasms, and preventing complications. Tetanus immunisation is critical for prevention.
Clostridium difficile
- Causes antibiotic-associated diarrhoea and colitis.
- Produces toxins that damage the intestinal lining.
Treatment of Clostridium difficile
- Treatm.ent includes discontinuing the offending antibiotic, metronidazole or vancomycin.
Clostridium perfringens
- Causes food poisoning and gas gangrene.
- Produces toxins that cause tissue damage and diarrhoea.
Bacillus
- These are gram-positive, aerobic bacilli.
- Include Bacillus cereus and Bacillus anthracis.
Bacillus cereus
- Causes food poisoning.
- Produces toxins that cause vomiting and diarrhoea.
Neisseriaceae
- These are gram-negative, aerobic cocci.
- Include Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Neisseria meningitidis.
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
- Causes gonorrhoea, a sexually transmitted infection.
Pathogenicity of Gonococci
- Causes inflammation of the urethra, cervix, and rectum.
- Can also cause pelvic inflammatory disease and conjunctivitis in newborns.
Treatment of Gonococci
- Treatment includes ceftriaxone or azithromycin.
Neisseria meningitidis
- Causes meningococcal meningitis, a serious infection of the meninges.
Pathogenicity of Meningococci
- Causes meningitis and sepsis, which can be life-threatening.
Treatment of Meningococci
- Treatment includes intravenous antibiotics, such as penicillin or ceftriaxone.
Commensal Species
- These bacteria normally live in our bodies without causing disease.
- Include species of Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, and Corynebacterium.
- Can cause infection in the immunocompromised.
Enterobacteria
- These are gram-negative, facultative anaerobic bacilli.
- Include Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Shigella, and Klebsiella.
Pathogenicity of Enterobacteria
- Cause a wide range of infections, including urinary tract infections, gastroenteritis, pneumonia, and septicaemia.
Treatment of Enterobacteria
- Treatment includes antibiotics, such as fluoroquinolones, cephalosporins, and aminoglycosides.
Bacteroides
- These are gram-negative, anaerobic bacilli.
- Include Bacteroides fragilis.
Bacteroides fragilis
- Found in the gut and is a major cause of anaerobic infections.
Pathogenicity of Bacteroides fragilis
- Causes abscesses, peritonitis, and pelvic inflammatory disease.
Treatment of Bacteroides fragilis
- Treatment includes metronidazole or clindamycin.
Porphyromonas
- These are gram-negative, anaerobic bacilli.
- Include Porphyromonas gingivalis.
Porphyromonas gingivalis
- Found in the mouth and is a major pathogen in periodontal disease.
Pathogenicity of Porphyromonas gingivalis
- Produces enzymes that break down collagen, contributing to tissue destruction in periodontal disease.
- Found in the red complex, along with Tannerella forsythia and Treponema denticola.
Prevotella
- These are gram-negative, anaerobic bacilli.
- Include Prevotella spp.
Prevotella spp.
- Found in the mouth and can cause periodontal disease.
Fusobacterium
- These are gram-negative, anaerobic bacilli.
- Include Fusobacterium nucleatum.
Pathogenicity of Fusobacterium
- Can cause periodontal disease, bacteraemia, and abscesses.
Treatment of Fusobacterium
- Treated with antibiotics, such as metronidazole or penicillin.
Spirochaetes
- These are gram-negative, spiral-shaped bacteria.
- Include Treponema pallidum (syphilis) and Borrelia burgdorferi (Lyme disease).
Leptotrichia
- These are gram-negative, anaerobic bacilli, often found in the mouth.
- Include Leptotrichia buccalis.
Mycobacteria
- These are gram-positive, aerobic bacilli.
- Include Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium bovis, and Mycobacterium leprae.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
- Causes tuberculosis, a serious and potentially fatal respiratory infection.
Pathogenicity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis
- Causes granulomas in the lungs, leading to coughing, fever, and weight loss.
Treatment of Mycobacterium tuberculosis
- Requires multi-drug therapy, which includes antibiotics, such as isoniazid, rifampicin, and pyrazinamide.
Mycobacterium bovis
- Causes bovine tuberculosis.
Mycobacterium leprae
- Causes leprosy, a chronic infection that affects the skin, nerves, and respiratory tract.
Pathogenicity of Mycobacterium leprae
- Causes skin lesions, nerve damage, and disfigurement.
Treatment of Mycobacterium leprae
- Treatm.ent includes multi-drug therapy, using combinations of rifampicin, dapsone, and clofazimine.
Mycobacteria Other Than TB
- Include, for example, Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC).
Legionella
- These are gram-negative, aerobic bacilli.
- Include Legionella pneumophila.
Legionella pneumophila
- Causes Legionnaires' disease, a severe form of pneumonia.
Pathogenicity of Legionella pneumophila
- Causes lung inflammation, fever, and respiratory distress.
Treatment of Legionella pneumophila
- Treatm.ent includes antibiotics, such as azithromycin or levofloxacin.
Mycoplasmas
- These are unique bacteria without a cell wall.
- Include Mycoplasma pneumoniae.
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
- Causes atypical pneumonia, also known as "walking pneumonia".
Pathogenicity of Mycoplasma pneumoniae
- Causes lung inflammation, fever, and cough.
Treatment of Mycoplasma pneumoniae
- Treatment includes antibiotics, such as macrolides or tetracyclines.
Oral Mycoplasmas
- Include Mycoplasma salivarium and Mycoplasma hominis.
Summary Table
| Bacteria | Features | What does it cause? | Treatment |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gram + | |||
| Group A strep - strep pyogenes | Found in nasopharynx and skin, beta haemolytic, produces streptokinase, hyaluronidase, DNAases, and haemolysins | Scarlet fever, impetigo, erysipelas, lymphangitis, streptococcal shock syndrome, Rheumatic fever, glomerulonephritis | Penicillin or Clindamycin |
| Group B strep - strep agalactiae | Found in female genital tract, beta haemolytic | Neonatal meningitis, septicaemia, septic abortion, gynaecological sepsis | Penicillin or Erythromycin, Prophylactic antibiotics |
| Oral strep | Alpha haemolytic, found in oropharynx, catalase negative | Infective endocarditis | Prophylactic antibiotics |
| Staphylococcus aureus | Gram positive cocci, coagulase positive | Skin infections, abscesses, pneumonia, food poisoning, toxic shock syndrome | Methicillin-resistant strains require Vancomycin |
| Staphylococcus epidermidis | Gram positive cocci, coagulase negative | Infections in prosthetic devices | Antibiotics, but resistant strains are increasingly common |
| Enterococci - eg: Enterococcus faecalis | Gram positive cocci. | Urinary tract infections, wound infections, endocarditis | Vancomycin, but resistance is emerging |
| Actinomyces odontolyticus | Gram positive anaerobic bacilli, | Enamel demineralization | |
| Actinomyces israelii | Gram positive anaerobic bacilli, | Actinomycosis | Penicillin and surgical drainage |
| Bacillus cereus | Gram positive aerobic bacilli | Food poisoning | Antibiotics |
| Gram - | |||
| Neisseria gonorrhoeae | Gram negative cocci | Gonorrhoea | Ceftriaxone or Azithromycin |
| Neisseria meningitidis | Gram negative cocci | Meningococcal meningitis | Intravenous antibiotics - penicillin or ceftriaxone |
| Enterobacteria | Gram negative facultative anaerobic bacilli | Urinary tract infections, gastroenteritis, pneumonia, septicaemia | Fluoroquinolones, cephalosporins, aminoglycosides |
| Bacteroides fragilis | Gram negative anaerobic bacilli | Abscesses, peritonitis, pelvic inflammatory disease | Metronidazole or clindamycin |
| Porphyromonas gingivalis | Gram negative anaerobic bacilli | Periodontal disease | |
| Prevotella spp. | Gram negative anaerobic bacilli | Periodontal disease | |
| Fusobacterium nucleatum | Gram negative anaerobic bacilli | Periodontal disease, bacteraemia, abscesses | Metronidazole or penicillin |
| Legionella pneumophila | Gram negative aerobic bacilli | Legionnaires' disease | Azithromycin or levofloxacin |
| Mycoplasma pneumoniae | Bacteria without cell wall | Atypical pneumonia | Macrolides or tetracyclines |
Streptococcus
- Streptococcus mutans is a major contributor to dental caries
- Streptococcus salivarius is found in saliva
- Streptococcus anginosus is associated with throat infections
- Streptococcus mitis is a common oral bacteria
- Streptococcus pneumoniae is the most common cause of community-acquired pneumonia
- Streptococcus pneumoniae is responsible for Meningitis
Staphylococcus
- Staphylococcus aureus is commonly found in the skin, anterior nares(nostrils), and perineum
- Staphylococcus aureus is a common cause of nosocomial (hospital-acquired) infections
- Staphylococcus aureus is a significant cause of skin infections
- Staphylococcus aureus is notable for producing coagulase and enterotoxin, which contribute to its virulence.
- Staphylococcus aureus can cause serious deep infections including osteomyelitis, endocarditis, septicemia, and pneumonia
- Staph aureus is resistant to a significant number of anti-bacterial drugs including B-lactam antibiotics
- Treatment for Staphylococcus aureus may involve penicillin, flucloxacillin, erythromycin, fusidic acid, cephalosporins, and vancomycin.
- Staphylococcus epidermidis is a commensal found on the skin
- Staphylococcus epidermidis often produces catalase, and is coagulase negative, which is used to identify staph aureus.
- Staphylococcus epidermidis has high resistance to antibiotics and as a consequence, skin infections caused by this bacteria can prove difficult to treat.
Enterococci
- Enterococci are a frequent cause of nosocomial infections
- Enterococci can inhabit dental tubules, and are common in pulpal infections
- Enterococci are generally non-haemolytic, but sometimes a-haemolytic
- Enterococci are pyridoxine positive
- Enterococci are highly resistant to antibiotics and are therefore difficult to treat
Actinomycetes
- Actinomycetes odontolyticus is anaerobic
- Actinomycetes odontolyticus is a key organism in the enamel demineralization process
- Actinomycetes israelii is a filamentous rod
- Actinomycetes israelii can cause actinomycotic infections
- Actinomycetes israelii infections are known to affect the cervicofacial, ileocaecal, and thoracic regions.
Nocardia
- Nocardia asteroides is aerobic
- Nocardia asteroides is a saprophyte (a fungus that lives on dead organic matter)
- Nocardia asteroides is found in soil
Clostridium
- Clostridium Welchii (Clostridium perfringens) is a Gram-positive, β-haemolytic bacteria
- Clostridium Welchii produces toxins resulting in lysis of plasma membranes.
- Clostridium Welchii can cause gas gangrene (myonecrosis), and food poisoning
- Clostridium tetani is bacilli-shaped with a distinctive drumstick appearance.
- Clostridium tetani produces tetanospasmin, which is a neurotoxin, that causes a range of symptoms including lock jaw and trismus (inability to open the jaw).
- Clostridium tetani, tetanospasmin also causes risus sardonicus (a distorted facial expression with a fixed grin), opisthotonos (a severe hyperextension of the back),
- Clostridium tetani infections are preventable using the diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis (DTP) vaccine.
- Clostridium difficile has become an invasive pathogen
- Clostridium difficile is a cause of nosocomial infections
- Clostridium difficile can cause a range of illnesses, including antibiotic-associated colitis, pseudomembranous colitis and, pseudomembranous colitis
- Clostridium difficile infections often result from the use of antibiotics, particularly clindamycin and ampicillin.
- Clostridium difficile diarrhea is often treated with oral vancomycin or metronidazole.
- Clostridium perfringens is a cause of gas gangrene
Bacillus
- Bacillus anthracis is a spore-forming bacteria, with a polyglutamic acid capsule making it antiphagocytic
- Bacillus anthracis causes septicaemia
- Bacillus anthracis can also cause a pulmonary form of anthrax which was historically known as woolsorters disease.
- Bacillus cereus is often implicated in food poisoning
Neiserria
- Neisseria gonorrhoeae (gonococcus) is a gram-negative diploid bacteria
- Neisseria gonorrhoeae is capnophillic (thrives in an environment with 5-10% CO2)
- Neisseria gonorrhoeae is a common cause of the sexually transmitted infection gonorrhoea
- Neisseria gonorrhoeae produces a tracheal cytotoxin that damages the lining of the fallopian tubes
- Neisseria gonorrhoeae is often resistant to B-lactam antibiotics due to its ability to produce B-lactamase, a type of enzyme.
- Neisseria gonorrhoeae infections are often treated with B-lactamase-stable cephalosporins
- Neisseria meningitidis (meningococcus) is a gram-negative diploid bacteria commonly found in the nasopharynx .
- Neisseria meningitidis has antiphagocytic properties that allow it to evade the body's immune response.
- Neisseria meningitidis may cause septicaemia (blood poisoning).
- Neisseria meningitidis infections can cause meningitis
- Neisseria meningitidis septicaemia causes a rash
- Neisseria meningitidis can cause adrenal hemorrhage which is known as Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome.
- Neisseria meningitidis infections are often treated with penicillin or ceftriaxone
Moraxella
- Moraxella is a gram-negative cocci
- Moraxella species are commonly found in the respiratory tract
- Moraxella are a common cause of a wide variety of infectious diseases
- Moraxella is often associated with respiratory tract infections (including otitis media, sinusitis, and maxillary sinusitis).
- Moraxella often contributes to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
Enterobacteriaceae
- Enterobacteriaceae are often referred to as coliforms
- Enterobacteriaceae are generally facultative anaerobes
- Enterobacteriaceae are a diverse group of gram-negative rods
- Enterobacteriaceae are commensal (live in symbiosis with a host without causing harm) in the gastrointestinal tract
- The presence of Enterobacteriaceae in the body outside of the gastrointestinal tract can cause infections.
- Enterobacteriaceae are responsible for a variety of infections including enterotoxigenic diarrhoea, endotoxin shock, and other more severe infections.
- Enterobacteriaceae are often resistant to a wide range of antibiotics due to their ability to acquire resistance genes
- Treatment for infections caused by Enterobacteriaceae often include ampicillin/amoxicillin, cephalosporins, aminoglycosides, trimethoprim, chloramphenicol, and ciprofloxacin.
Bacterioroids
- Bacterioroids fragilis are one of the prominent microorganisms present in the intestinal flora.
- Bacterioroids fragilis grow in anaerobic conditions.
- Bacterioroids fragilis are a common cause of intra-abdominal sepsis
- Bacterioroids fragilis are also implicated in peritonitis, liver and brain abscesses and wound infections
- Bacterioroids fragilis infections often result from endogenous factors (within the body)
- Bacterioroids fragilis are resistant to penicillin due to their production of B-lactamase.
- Bacterioroids fragilis are also resistant to aminoglycosides
- Bacterioroids fragilis are often treated with antibiotics, including metronidazole and clindamycin.
Polyphromonas
- Porphyromonas gingivalis is a common inhabitant of deeper periodontal pockets in the mouth
- Porphyromonas gingivalis is part of the bacteria known as the red complex, which is associated with advanced periodontitis
- Porphyromonas gingivalis is an asaccharolytic bacteria (unable to break down sugars)
- Porphyromonas gingivalis has a pleomorphic(variable) morphology
- Porphyromonas gingivalis is often found in the form of a cocco-bacilli structure.
- Porphyromonas gingivalis produces fimbriae (hair-like structures that help attach to surfaces)
- Porphyromonas gingivalis is capsulate, which provides antiphagocytic properties
- Porphyromonas gingivalis produces a range of virulence factors that promote pathogenicity including collagenase, endotoxins, fibrinolysin, phospholipase A, proteases, gingipain, fibroblast inhibitory factor, complement and haem sequestering proteins, and a haemolysin
- Porphyromonas gingivalis is known to contribute to periodontal disease
- Porphyromonas gingivalis can also contribute to halitosis (bad breath)
- Porphyromonas cantoniae is a commensal found in healthy gingiva
Prevotella
- Prevotella nigrescens is a common resident of the healthy gingiva
- Prevotella nigrescens is a rod-shaped bacteria
- Prevotella nigrescens is saccharolytic meaning it is able to break down sugars for energy.
- Prevotella nigrescens breaks down glucose to produce acetic and succinic acid
- Prevotella intermedia is a member of the "orange complex" associated with periodontal disease
Fusobacterium
- Fusobacterium polymorphum is a common commensal found in the gingival crevice of the mouth.
- Fusobacterium nucleatum is a key contributor to periodontal disease and is found in the environment of periodontal pockets.
- Fusobacterium nucleatum, is part of the Fusospirochetal complex of bacteria, which can cause serious infections
- Fusobacterium nucleatum is a cause of halitosis
- Fusobacterium nucleatum is implicated in acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (ANUG) which is also known as trench mouth, Vincent's angina, ulcerative tonsillitis.
- Fusobacterium nucleatum can cause serious tissue necrosis
- Fusobacterium nucleatum infections often result from the progression of ANUG
- Fusobacterium nucleatum is a common cause of cancrum oris, and noma (severe form ANUG)
- Fusobacterium nucleatum Infections are often treated with penicillin and metronidazole.
Spirochetes
- Spirochetes have axial filaments (flagella or structures used for movement).
- Spirochetes are anaerobic bacteria.
- Spirochetes have a distinctive helical (spiral-like) shape.
Treponema
- Treponema is a spirochete that causes syphilis
- Treponema is also associated with Bejel, yaws, and pinta which are diseases similar to syphilis.
- Treponema is a common cause of acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (ANUG)
Borrelia
- Borrelia is a spirochete which is responsible for relapsing fever, Lyme disease,
- Borrelia is transmitted by ticks.
Leptospira
- Leptospira is a spirochete, associated with leptospirosis
Leptotrichia
- Leptotrichia buccalis is found in dental plaque and is a common commensal bacteria in the mouth.
- Leptotrichia buccalis is anaerobic
- Leptotrichia buccalis is filamentous and slender bacilli
- Leptotrichia buccalis has a pointed end
Mycobacterium
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis is responsible for tuberculosis in humans.
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a chronic disease.
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a granulomatous disease.
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis infections have a necrotic (dead tissue) centre known as a caseous centre.
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis has a distinctive morphology that resembles slender beaded bacilli
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis cell walls contain mycolic acid, which is a fatty substance responsible for its characteristic staining properties.
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis does not produce exotoxins or endotoxins
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis infections result in the formation of granulomas (nodules of inflammation) surrounded by giant multinucleated cells
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis granulomas are filled with monocytes, histiocytes, and fibroblasts
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis can cause pulmonary tuberculosis
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis is associated with a wide variety of clinical manifestations depending on the body's immune response, and is associated with an increasing prevalence among people with HIV.
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis infections are frequently treated with isoniazid, rifampicin, pyrazinamide, ethambutol, and streptomycin.
- Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB) are increasing problems.
- The Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine is a live attenuated strain of Mycobacterium bovis
- The BCG vaccine is used to prevent tuberculosis.
- Mycobacterium bovis is a strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis that infects cattle and can be passed to humans through the ingestion of milk.
- Mycobacterium bovis infections commonly cause childhood tuberculosis
- Mycobacterium bovis commonly causes a disease of the lymph nodes known as scrofuloderma
- Mycobacterium bovis scrofuloderma is characterized by enlarged, caseous, and cervical lymph nodes.
- Mycobacterium leprae is the cause of leprous infections.
- Mycobacterium leprae infections are found in skin and nerves.
- Mycobacterium leprae infections are characterized by a lack of cell mediated immunity
- Mycobacterium leprae infections cause lepromatous leprosy
- Mycobacterium leprae infections that have a more robust immune response are known as tuberculoid leprosy
- Mycobacterium leprae are typically bacilli-shaped.
- Mycobacterium leprae are treated using antibiotics
- Mycobacterium leprae infections are treated with antileprotic drugs, which include dapsone, rifampicin, and clofazimine.
- Close family contacts are often monitored and screened for Mycobacterium leprae.
Mycobacterium
- Mycobacterium other than TB can cause pulmonary infections, especially in HIV patients.
Legionella Pneumophillia
- Found in water lines.
- Slender rods that enter the body through the respiratory tract.
- Causes Legionnaires' disease and Pontiac fever.
- Erythromycin treatment.
Mycoplasma Pneumoniae
- Smallest prokaryotes known to be capable of binary fission.
- Lack a peptidoglycan cell wall, bound by a plasma membrane of lipids and sterols.
- Highly pleomorphic (can shift shape).
- Live parasitically in eukaryotes.
- Causes primary atypical pneumonia.
- Mucocutanous eruptions can be caused by this organism in some cases.
- Tetracycline treatment for adults and Erythromycin treatment for children.
Oral Mycoplasmas
- Live in the mouth.
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