Microbiology SLP - 2.4 Document

**[Microbiology SLP - 2.4 ]** **[Streptococci ]** - - - - - - - - Group A = streptococcus pyogenes Group B = streptococcus agalactiae - in female genital tract and causes infection of neonates Group C = causes disease in animals Group D = enterococci **Group A = streptococcus...

**[Microbiology SLP - 2.4 ]** **[Streptococci ]** - - - - - - - - Group A = streptococcus pyogenes Group B = streptococcus agalactiae - in female genital tract and causes infection of neonates Group C = causes disease in animals Group D = enterococci **Group A = streptococcus pyogenes** - - Produces - - - - - Pathogenicity - - - - - - - Complications - - - Treatment - - **Group B = streptococcus agalactiae** - - - Causes - - Treatment - - - **Oral streptococci** - - - Types - - - - - - - - - - Can cause infective endocarditis (viridans streptococci) if they enter blood stream (bacteraemia) - **[Staphylococci]** - - - Types **Staphylococcus aureus** - - - Pathogenicity - - - - Treatment - - - - - - - **Staphylococcus epidermidis** - - - Pathogenicity - Treatment - **[Enterococci]** Eg enterococcus faecalis - - - Pathogenicity - Treatment - **[Actinomycetes]** Types - - - - - **Actinomyces odontolyticus** - causes enamel demineralisation **Actinomyces israelii** - - - Pathogenicity - - - Types - - - Treatment - - - - - - - - - Eg **nocardia asteroides** **[Clostridia]** - - - - Types - - - - - **Clostridium welchii** - - Pathogenicity - - - Treatment of gas gangrene - - - **Clostridium tetani** - - - - Pathogenicity - - - - Treatment - - **Clostridium difficile** - - Treatment - - - **Clostridium perfringens** Pathogenicity - **[Bacillus ]** - - - - - - - - - **Bacillus cereus** - - - **[Neisseriaceae]** Types - - - - - - - **Neiserria gonorrhoeae - the gonococcus** - - - - - Pathogenicity of gonococci - - - - Treatment - - **Neisseria meningitidis - the meningococcus** - - Pathogenicity - - - Treatment - - **Commensal species** Types - - - Aerobic → facultative anaerobes → obligate anerobes - - - - - Pathogenicity - - - - - **[Enterobacteria]** - - - - - - - Pathogenicity - Treatment - - - - - - - **[Bacteroides]** **Bacteroides fragilis** - - - - - - Pathogenicity - - - - - - - Treatment - - - - **[Porphyromonas]** **Porphyromonas gingivalis** - - - - - - - Pathogenicity - - - - - - - - - - - Red complex = Porphyromonas gingivalis + Tannerella forsythia + Treponema denticola **Porphyromonas catoniae** is found in healthy gingiva **[Prevotella]** - - **Prevotella spp.** - - - Prevotella nigrescens = in healthy gingiva Prevotella intermedia = perio (orange complex) **[Fusobacterium]** - - - - - Types - - - Pathogenicity - - - - - - Treatment - - **[Spirochaetes]** - - - - - Types - - - **[Leptotrichia]** - - - - - **Leptotrichia buccalis** = only member of genus **[Mycobacteria]** - - Types - - - - - - - - - **Mycobacterium tuberculosis** - - - Pathogenicity - - Treatment - - - - - - - - - **Mycobacterium bovis** - - **Mycobacterium leprae** - - - - Pathogenicity - Types - - - - - - Treatment - - - - - **Mycobacteria other than TB** Types - - - - - Pathogenicity - **[Legionella]** Most important is legionella pneumophila - causes atypical pneumonia (common in hospitals) **Legionella pneumophila** - - - Pathogenicity - - - Treatment - - **[Mycoplasmas]** - - - **Mycoplasma pneumoniae** Pathogenicity - - - - - - - - - Treatment - - **Oral mycoplasmas** Types - - - **[Summary table ]** +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | **Bacteria** | **Features** | **What does it | **Treatment** | | | | cause?** | | +=================+=================+=================+=================+ | **Gram +** | | | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | Group A strep - | Found in | Scarlet fever | Penicillin | | strep pyogenes | nasopharynx and | | | | | skin | Impetigo | Clindamycin if | | | | | hypersensitive | | | B haemolysis | Erysipelas | to penicillin | | | | | | | | Produces: | Lymphangitis | | | | | | | | | Streptokinase | Complications: | | | | (fibrinolysin) | | | | | | Rheumatic fever | | | | Hyaluronidase - | | | | | aka spreading | Glomerulonephri | | | | factor, causes | tis | | | | increased | | | | | tissue | Erythema | | | | permeability | nodosum | | | | | | | | | DNAases | | | | | (streptodornase | | | | | ) | | | | | - destroy cell | | | | | DNA | | | | | | | | | | Haemolysins | | | | | (streptolysins, | | | | | leukocidins) - | | | | | causes | | | | | erythematous | | | | | rash in scarlet | | | | | fever | | | | | | | | | | Pyrogenic | | | | | exotoxin | | | | | (erythrogenic | | | | | toxin) - causes | | | | | streptococcal | | | | | shock syndrome | | | | | and scarlet | | | | | fever rash | | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | Group B strep - | B haemolysis | Neonatal | Penicillin | | strep | | meningitis and | | | agalactiae | | septicaemia | Erythromycin if | | | | | hypersensitive | | | | Septic abortion | to penicillin | | | | | | | | | Gynaecological | Prophylactic | | | | sepsis | antibiotics | | | | | given to | | | | | neonates if | | | | | mother is | | | | | culture | | | | | positive | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | Oral strep | A haemolysis | Infective | Prophylactic | | | | endocarditis | antibiotics | | | In oropharynx | | | | | | | | | | Catalyse neg | | | | | | | | | | Types: | | | | | | | | | | S. mutans | | | | | | | | | | S. salivarius | | | | | | | | | | S. anginosus | | | | | | | | | | S. mitis | | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | Streptococcus | | Meningitis | | | pneumoniae | | | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | Staphylococcus | In skin, | Angular | \>80% strains | | aureus | anterior nares, | chelitis | are resistant | | | perineum | | to B-lactam | | | | Food poisoning | drugs | | | Common | | | | | nosocomial | Toxic shock | Penicillin | | | infection | syndrome | | | | | | Flucloxacillin | | | Produces | Deep infections | | | | coagulase and | eg: | Erythromycin | | | enterotoxin | osteomyelitis, | | | | | endocarditis, | Fusidic acid | | | | septicaemia, | | | | | pneumonia | Cephalosporins | | | | | | | | | | Vancomycin | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | Staphylococcus | Found on skin | | Very AB | | epidermidis | | | resistant | | | Catalase pos | | | | | | | | | | Coagulase neg | | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | Enterococci | Most frequent | enterococcus | Very AB | | | cause of | faecalis | resistant | | | nosocomial | | | | | infections | can live in | | | | | dental tubules | | | | Non haemolytic | and common in | | | | but sometime | pulpal | | | | a-haemolytic | infections | | | | | | | | | Pyridoxine | | | | | positive | | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | **Actinomycetes | | | | | ** | | | | | | | | | | - - | | | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | Actinomycetes | Anaerobic | Enamel | | | odontolyticus | | demineralisatio | | | | | n | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | Actinomycetes | Filamentous | Actinomycotic | Penicillin (6 | | israelii | rods | infections | weeks) | | | | | | | | | (Cervicofacial, | Tetracycline | | | | Ileocaecal, | | | | | Thoracic) | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | Nocardia | Aerobic | Nocardiosis | | | asteroides | | | | | | Soil | | | | | saprophytes | | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | Clostridium | B haemolytic | Gas gangren | Penicillin | | Welchii | | (myonecrosis) | | | | Produces a | | Metronidazole | | | toxins which | Food poisoning | | | | lyse p.l mem | | Anti a toxin | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | Clostridium | In GI tract | Lock jaw + | Hyperimmune | | tetani | | trismus | human a-globin | | | Bacilli - | | antitoxin | | | drumstick shape | Risus | | | | | sardonicus | Diphtheria-teta | | | Produces | | nus-pertussis | | | tetanospasmin | Opisthotonos | (DTP) vac | | | and neurotoxins | | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | Clostridium | Nosocomial | Antibiotic | Stop | | difficile | infection | associated | antibiotics | | | | colitis | | | | Due to | (clindamycin, | Oral vancomycin | | | antibiotics | ampicillin) → | | | | | pseudomembranou | Metronidazole | | | | s | | | | | colitis | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | Clostridium | | Gas gangrene | | | perfringens | | | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | Bacillus | Spore forming | Septicaemia | | | anthracis | | | | | | Polyglutamic | Pulmonary | | | | acid capsule | anthrax | | | | (antiphagocytic | (woolsorters | | | | ) | disease) | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | Bacillus cereus | | Food poisoning | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | **Gram -** | | | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | **Neiserasses** | | | | | | | | | | - - | | | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | Neiserria | Aerobic | Tracheal | Resistant to | | gonorrhoeae - | | cytotoxin | B-lactam drugs | | gonococcus | Capnophillic | damages | | | | | fallopian tube | B-lactamase | | | Diplococci | | stable | | | | | cephalosporins | | | Contain IgA | | | | | proteases | | | | | | | | | | Produce | | | | | B-lactamase | | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | Neiserria | In nasopharynx | Septicaemia | Penicillin | | meningitidis - | | | | | meningococcus | Capsulate so | Meningitis | Ceftriaxone | | | antiphagocytic | | | | | | Septicaemia | | | | | (which causes | | | | | rash) | | | | | | | | | | Adrenal | | | | | haemorrhage | | | | | (waterhouse-Fri | | | | | derichsen | | | | | syndrome) | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | Moraxella | Cocci | Meningitis | | | | | | | | | Respiratory | Endocarditis | | | | tract | | | | | commensals | Otitis media | | | | | | | | | | Maxillary | | | | | sinusitis | | | | | | | | | | COPD | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | Enterobacteria | Aka coliforms | Enterotoxigenic | Spectrum | | | | → diahoreehea | antibiotics | | | Most of gram - | | beeded due to | | | commensal rods | Endotoxin shock | resistant | | | in GI | (contains lipid | coding plasmid | | | | A and O) | | | | Facultative | | Ampicillin/amox | | | anaerobes | | ycillin | | | | | | | | Main species = | | Cephalosporins | | | bnacterioids | | | | | | | Aminoglycosides | | | | | | | | | | Trimethoprim | | | | | | | | | | Chloramphenicol | | | | | | | | | | Ciprofloxacin | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | Bacterioroids | Most prominent | Intra abdominal | Metronidazole | | fragilis | flora in | sepsis | | | | intestine | | Clindamycin | | | | Peritonitis | | | | Anaerobic | | Resistant to | | | | Liver and brain | penicillin due | | | Produce | abscesses | to B-lactamase | | | endotoxins and | | production as | | | proteases | Wound | well as | | | | infections | aminoglycosides | | | | | | | | | | Infections are | | | | | endogenous so | | | | | hard to prevent | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | Polyphromonas | In subgingival | Red complex = | | | gingivalis | advanced perio | Porphyromonas | | | | | gingivalis + | | | | Asaccharolytic | Tannerella | | | | | forsythia + | | | | Pleomorphic | Treponema | | | | | denticola | | | | Coccobacilli | | | | | | | | | | Fimbriae | | | | | mediate | | | | | adhesion and | | | | | capsulate is | | | | | antiphagocytic | | | | | | | | | | Produces | | | | | virulence | | | | | factors eg: | | | | | | | | | | Collagenase | | | | | | | | | | Endotoxin | | | | | | | | | | Fibrinolysin | | | | | | | | | | Phospholipase A | | | | | | | | | | Proteases that | | | | | destroy | | | | | immunoglobins | | | | | | | | | | Gingipain | | | | | | | | | | Fibroblast | | | | | inhibitory | | | | | factor | | | | | | | | | | Complement and | | | | | haem | | | | | sequestering | | | | | proteins | | | | | | | | | | Heamolysin | | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | Polyphromonas | In healthy | | | | cantoniae | gingiva | | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | Prevotella | In healthy | | | | nigrescens | gingiva | | | | | | | | | | Rods | | | | | | | | | | Saccrolytic | | | | | | | | | | Produce acetic | | | | | and succinic | | | | | acid from | | | | | glucose | | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | Prevotella | Orange complex | | | | intermedia | of perio | | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | Fusobacterium | In healthy | | | | polymorphum | gingival | | | | nucleatum | crevice | | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | Fusobacterium | Perio pocket | Fusospirochetal | Penicillin | | nucleatum | | infections | | | nucleatum | Causes | | metronidazole | | | halitosis | Acute | | | | | (necrotizing) | | | | Endotoxin is | ulcerative | | | | involved in | gingivitis or | | | | periodontal | trench mouth | | | | disease | | | | | | Vincent's | | | | Strong | angina - | | | | adherence | ulcerative | | | | properties - | tonsillitis | | | | fusobacterium | causing tissue | | | | adhesins A | necrosis and | | | | (FadA) | often due to | | | | | extension of | | | | | acute | | | | | ulcerative | | | | | gingivitis | | | | | | | | | | Cancrum oris or | | | | | norma - acute | | | | | ulcerative | | | | | gingivitis and | | | | | tissue loss in | | | | | face | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | **Spirochetes** | Axial filaments | | | | | | | | | - - - | Anaerobic | | | | | | | | | | Helical | | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | Treponema | | Syphilis | | | | | | | | | | Bejel | | | | | | | | | | Yaws | | | | | | | | | | Pinta | | | | | | | | | | Acute | | | | | necrotising | | | | | ulcerative | | | | | gingivitis | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | Borellia | | Relapsing fever | | | | | | | | | | Lymes disease | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | Leptospira | | Leptospirosis | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | Leptotrichia | Oral commensal | | | | buccalis | in plaque | | | | | | | | | | Anaerobic | | | | | | | | | | Filamentous | | | | | | | | | | Slender bacilli | | | | | with a pointed | | | | | end | | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | Mycobacteria | In lungs and | TB in humans - | Isoniazid | | tuberculosis | cells of | chronic | | | | reticuloendothe | granulomatous | Rifampicin | | | lial | (necrotic | | | | system | centre of | Pyraazinamide | | | | caeseation | | | | Slender beaded | surrounded by | Ethambutol | | | bacilli shape | zone of | | | | | multinucleated | Streptocyacin | | | Cells walls | giant cells, | | | | contain mycolic | monocytes and | Multidrug | | | acid | histiocytic | resistant TB | | | | cells with an | (MDR-TB) and | | | No endo or exo | outer ring of | extensively | | | toxins | fibrosis) | drug resistant | | | | infection of | TB (XDR) | | | | lungs and | | | | | linked with HIV | - | | | | | | | | | | Bacille | | | | | Calmette-Guerin | | | | | (BCG) vaccine = | | | | | live attenuated | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | Mycobacterium | Infects cattle | Childhood | | | bovis | and passed in | disease of | | | | through milk | scrofuloderma = | | | | | enlarged, | | | | | caseous | | | | | cervical lymph | | | | | nodes | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | Mycobacterium | In skin and | Lepratomaous | Antileprotic | | leprae | nerves | leprosy = cell | drugs: | | | | mediated immune | | | | Aerobic | response almost | Dapsone | | | | absent | | | | Bacilli | | Rifampicin | | | | Tuberculoid | | | | | leprosy = | Clofazimine | | | | intense cell | | | | | mediated immune | Family contacts | | | | response. | are given | | | | Involves nerves | dapsone | | | | → anaesthesia + | | | | | paraesthesia. | | | | | Loss of fingers | | | | | and toes | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | Mycobacterium | - - - - | Pulmonary | | | other than TB | - | infection | | | | | especially in | | | | | HIV patients | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | Legionella | Found in water | Legionnaires | Erythromyacin | | pneumophillia | lines | disease | | | | | | | | | Slender rods | Pontiac fever | | | | | | | | | Enters through | | | | | respiratory | | | | | tract | | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | Mycoplasma | Smallest | Primary | Tetracycline | | pneumoniae | prokaryotes | atypical | (adults) | | | capable of | pneumonia | | | | binary fission | | Erythromyacon | | | | Mucocutanous | (children) | | | No | eruptions | | | | peptidoglycan | | | | | cell wall - | - - - - | | | | bound by plasma | | | | | mem of lipids | | | | | and sterols so | | | | | highly | | | | | pleomorphic | | | | | | | | | | Live | | | | | parasitically | | | | | in eukaryotes | | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | Oral | - - - | | | | mycoplasmas | | | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+