Microbiology Quiz 1 - Chapter 1
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Questions and Answers

What are microorganisms?

Organisms that are too small to be seen with the unaided eye.

Microbes include which of the following?

  • Bacteria (correct)
  • Fungi (correct)
  • Viruses (correct)
  • Protozoa (correct)

    • What can knowledge of microorganisms allow humans to do?

    Prevent food spoilage, prevent disease, understand cause and transmission.

    Who established the system of scientific nomenclature?

    <p>Carolus Linnaeus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many names does each organism have?

    <p>Two names: Genus and specific epithet.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Scientific names are always italicized or underlined.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is always capitalized in scientific naming?

    <p>Genus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Escherichia coli refer to?

    <p>A type of bacteria discovered by Theodor Escherich that occurs in the large intestines and colon.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What describes Staphylococcus aureus?

    <p>Staphylococcus describes 'Staphylo' as clustered and 'Coccus' as spherical cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cells are bacteria classified as?

    <p>Prokaryotes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Prokaryotes derive nutrition from _______ or inorganic chemicals or photosynthesis.

    <p>organic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are archaea?

    <p>Prokaryotes that lack peptidoglycan cell walls and live in extreme environments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do methanogens do?

    <p>Produce methane.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Extreme halophiles live in what type of conditions?

    <p>High salt concentration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Thermophiles can be found in what type of environments?

    <p>High temperature environments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are fungi?

    <p>Eukaryotes with chitin cell walls that absorb organic chemicals for energy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Yeast are multicellular organisms.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Molds and mushrooms are unicellular.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes eukaryotes from prokaryotes?

    <p>Eukaryotes have a distinct nucleus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do protozoa do?

    <p>Absorb or ingest organic chemicals, and can be free-living or parasitic.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is algae primarily known for?

    <p>Eukaryotes with cellulose cell walls that use photosynthesis for food.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are viruses?

    <p>Acellular entities consisting of DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are multicellular animal parasites?

    <p>Eukaryotes, multicellular animals that are not strictly microorganisms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who created the classification of microorganisms?

    <p>Carl Woese.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three domains based on cellular organization?

    <p>Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Robert Hooke report in 1665?

    <p>That living things are composed of little boxes or cells, marking the beginning of cell theory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who was the first to observe microbes?

    <p>Anton van Leeuwenhoek.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is spontaneous generation?

    <p>The hypothesis that life arises from non-living matter.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is biogenesis?

    <p>The hypothesis that living cells arise only from preexisting living cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Francesco Redi demonstrate in 1668?

    <p>Filled jars with decaying meat.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did John Needham do in 1745?

    <p>Put boiled nutrient broth into a covered flask.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Lazzaro Spallanzani do in 1765?

    <p>Boiled nutrient solutions in sealed flasks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Rudolf Virchow say in 1858?

    <p>'Cells are everything.'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Louis Pasteur demonstrate in 1861?

    <p>That microorganisms are present in the air.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the golden age of microbiology?

    <p>1857 - 1914, beginning of Pasteur's work.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Louis Pasteur show about microbes?

    <p>That they are responsible for fermentation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Steps in determining the cause of disease:

    <p>Observe disease organism = Step 1 Grow in pure culture = Step 2 Inoculate healthy culture = Step 3 Observe healthy host for symptoms = Step 4 Isolate same organism from inoculated organism = Step 5 If it matches then it is cause of disease = Step 6</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Fran Hessey do?

    <p>Said she used agar agar to thicken gelatin, founded agar agar.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does agar agar come from?

    <p>Red seaweed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Ignaz Semmelweis advocate in 1840?

    <p>Hand washing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Joseph Lister do?

    <p>Used chemical antiseptics to prevent surgical wound infections.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Robert Koch discover in 1876?

    <p>Experimental steps to identify microorganisms causing diseases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is chemotherapy?

    <p>Treatment of disease with chemicals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is quinine tree bark used to treat?

    <p>Malaria.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Paul Ehrlich develop in 1910?

    <p>Arsenic drug, 'Salvarsan' to treat syphilis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What antibiotic did Alexander Fleming discover in 1928?

    <p>Penicillin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is mycology?

    <p>The study of fungi.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is bacteriology?

    <p>The study of bacteria.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is phycology?

    <p>The study of algae.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is microbial genetics?

    <p>The study of inherited traits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the color change in microbes refer to?

    <p>Red to yellow.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Microorganisms and Microbes

    • Microorganisms are organisms too small to be seen without a microscope.
    • Types of microbes include bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and viruses.
    • Pathogenic microorganisms break down organic waste, generate oxygen, and can produce substances like ethanol and acetone.

    Importance of Microbiology

    • Understanding microorganisms helps prevent food spoilage, diseases, and informs about their causes and transmission.
    • Carolus Linnaeus established scientific nomenclature in 1735, introducing the system of assigning two names to each organism: genus and specific epithet.

    Scientific Naming Conventions

    • Scientific names are always italicized or underlined.
    • The genus name is always capitalized; the specific epithet is always lowercase.

    Notable Microorganisms

    • Escherichia coli, discovered by Theodor Escherich, is commonly found in the intestines.
    • Staphylococcus aureus refers to spherical "coccus" shaped cells clustered like "staphylo."

    Bacteria and Prokaryotes

    • Bacteria are prokaryotic, single-celled organisms that reproduce by binary fission.
    • Prokaryotes derive nutrition from organic/inorganic chemicals or through photosynthesis.

    Archaea

    • Archaea are prokaryotic organisms that lack peptidoglycan in their cell walls and thrive in extreme environments.
    • Types of archaea include:
      • Methanogens that produce methane.
      • Extreme halophiles that live in high salt concentrations.
      • Thermophiles that thrive in high-temperature environments.

    Fungi and Eukaryotes

    • Fungi are eukaryotes with chitin cell walls and obtain energy by absorbing organic chemicals.
    • Yeasts are unicellular, while molds and mushrooms are multicellular.

    Other Eukaryotic Microorganisms

    • Protozoa are eukaryotes that absorb or ingest organic chemicals, existing freely or as parasites.
    • Algae are photosynthetic eukaryotes with cellulose cell walls, found in various water bodies.

    Viruses

    • Viruses are acellular entities made up of either DNA or RNA, encased in a protein coat.

    Classification of Microorganisms

    • Microorganisms are classified into three domains based on cellular organization: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya.

    Historical Contributions to Microbiology

    • In 1665, Robert Hooke implicated all living things are made of cells, laying the groundwork for cell theory.
    • Anton van Leeuwenhoek first observed microbes (animalcules) between 1623-1673.
    • Theories: Spontaneous generation suggests life arises from non-living matter, while biogenesis states living cells only come from existing living cells.

    Key Experiments in Microbiology

    • Francesco Redi demonstrated that decaying meat in jars did not produce maggots.
    • John Needham boiled nutrient broth and let it cool in a covered flask; microorganisms still appeared.
    • Lazzaro Spallanzani boiled nutrient solutions in sealed flasks to prevent growth of microbes.
    • Louis Pasteur presented evidence that microorganisms are present in the air, disproving spontaneous generation.

    The Golden Age of Microbiology

    • The period between 1857-1914 is marked as the Golden Age, beginning with Pasteur's pivotal experiments.

    Discoveries and Innovations

    • Robert Koch developed experimental steps for understanding disease causation.
    • Chemo-therapeutics and antibiotics emerged, with Paul Ehrlich developing salvarsan for syphilis in 1910 and Alexander Fleming discovering penicillin in 1928.

    Fields of Study in Microbiology

    • Mycology: Study of fungi.
    • Bacteriology: Study of bacteria.
    • Phycology: Study of algae.
    • Microbial genetics: Study of hereditary traits in microbes.

    Interesting Observations

    • Microbial coloration can change, often from red to yellow.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge of microbiology with this quiz covering key concepts from Chapter 1. Discover the essential definitions of microorganisms and their classifications, including bacteria, fungi, and viruses. Perfect for students looking to reinforce their understanding of fundamental microbiological principles.

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