36 Questions
What is the reason for the instability of white phosphorus in its standard state?
Due to the strained P-P-P bond angle of 60°
What is the result of heating white phosphorus in the absence of oxygen at 300°C for several days?
The formation of a less reactive allotrope of phosphorus
Why do heavier elements in period 3 and lower form discrete molecules or chain structures instead of diatomic gases?
Due to the less effective p-p bonding in these elements
Why is white phosphorus stored under water away from oxygen?
To prevent its reaction with oxygen
What is the difference between the total energy of the 6 P-P bonds in P4 and the total energy of 6 P-P bonds formed by phosphorus atoms having normal bond angles?
The total energy of the 6 P-P bonds in P4 is lower
What is the reason for the covalent nature of some Be and Mg compounds?
Small atomic radius
What is the property of white phosphorus that makes it easily ignited?
Its high reactivity
What is the general reactivity trend of Group 2 elements?
Decrease down the group
What is the reason for the increase in metallic character of Alkaline Earth Metals down the group?
Increase in shielding
What is the allotrope of phosphorus that is obtained by heating white phosphorus in the absence of oxygen?
Red phosphorus
Why are compounds of Group 2 elements stabilized?
Low 1st and 2nd ionization energies and high lattice enthalpy values
What is the effect of nuclear charge on the atomic radius of Group 2 elements compared to Group 1 metals?
It decreases the atomic radius
What is the percentage of the isotope 16O in natural oxygen?
99.76%
At what temperature does oxygen condense to form a pale blue liquid?
-183 °C
What is the boiling point of oxygen in comparison to nitrogen and argon?
O2 < N2 < Ar
What is the primary use of oxygen in industrial applications?
Making of steel
What is the byproduct of the electrolysis of water?
H2 and O2
What is the catalyst used in the thermal decomposition of potassium chlorate?
MnO2
What is the percentage of hydrogen peroxide in its industrial and laboratory uses?
30%
What is the primary use of hydrogen peroxide in medicine?
As a mild antiseptic
What is the result of heating P4 to release ring strain?
Formation of polymeric red phosphorus
What is the melting point of white phosphorus?
579 oC
What is the structure of black phosphorus?
A double layer lattice of P6 rings
What is the bond length between P-P atoms within a layer in black phosphorus?
220 pm
What is the difference between allotropes and polymorphs?
Allotropes have different molecular formulas, while polymorphs have the same molecular formula
What is the percentage of oxygen by weight in the earth's crust?
46.6%
What is the origin of the name oxygen?
From the Greek stems oxys, 'acid', and gennan, 'to form or generate'
Which of the following is a more stable allotrope of oxygen?
Dioxygen O2
What is the maximum oxidation state of chlorine?
VII
What is the reason for the maximum oxidation state of the oxide corresponding to the involvement of all valence s and p electrons in bonding?
Involvement of all valence s and p electrons in bonding
Why does ClF7 not exist?
Difficulty placing seven fluorides around chloride
What is the trend observed in the maximum oxidation state of elements across a period?
It increases
What is the inert pair effect observed in groups 13-15?
ns2 valence electrons do not participate in bonding
What is the oxidation state of boron in BF3?
III
What is the trend observed in the maximum oxidation state of elements down a group in groups 13-15?
The oxidation state two lower than the maximum dominates
What is the oxidation state of phosphorus in P4O10?
V
Test your knowledge of the properties and characteristics of Alkaline Earth Metals, including their reactivity, electron configuration, and compounds. Learn about the trends in melting and boiling points down the group. Explore the differences between Be and Mg compounds.
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