Adaptive Immunity and Innate Defense Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the first step of adaptive immunity?

  • Recognition of antigen (correct)
  • Cell proliferation
  • Neutralization by antibodies
  • Production of memory cells

    • Effector cells are long-lived cells that reactivate when the body encounters a pathogen again.

    False

    Name the two types of cells produced during the proliferation of B cells and T cells after antigen recognition.

    Effector cells and Memory cells

    The ___________ response targets antigens present in infected cells.

    <p>cell-mediated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following components of adaptive immunity to their characteristics:

    <p>Effector cells = Short-lived and act immediately Memory cells = Long-lived and provide stronger response upon re-exposure B cells = Carry out humoral response T cells = Carry out cell-mediated response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of pulmonary circulation?

    <p>Supplying blood with oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Adaptive immunity provides a broad defense against a wide range of invaders immediately upon exposure.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one disease caused by Plasmodium vivax.

    <p>Malaria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Innate immunity is the body's first line of defense against __________.

    <p>infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following diseases with their causative agents:

    <p>Amoebiasis = Entamoeba hystolitica Malaria = Plasmodium vivax Yeast infections = Candida albicans AIDS = Human Immuno-deficiency Virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of immunity is characterized by non-specific immune responses?

    <p>Innate Immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Innate immunity in poriferans is a specialized defense mechanism targeting specific pathogens.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary method through which sponges filter feed?

    <p>Filter feeding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of red blood cells?

    <p>Carrying oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    White blood cells are responsible for transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the diameter of a red blood cell?

    <p>around 8 micrometers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Platelets are also known as ______.

    <p>thrombocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of white blood cells with their characteristics:

    <p>Neutrophil = Granular leukocyte that fights infections Lymphocyte = Agranular leukocyte involved in the immune response Eosinophil = Granular leukocyte that combats parasites Monocyte = Agranular leukocyte that becomes a macrophage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when a blood vessel is injured?

    <p>Platelets form a platelet plug</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The cytoplasm of red blood cells contains hemoglobin, which is crucial for oxygen transport.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    One megakaryocyte can form around ______ platelets.

    <p>3000</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are neutrophils primarily known for?

    <p>Ingesting and killing pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the heart?

    <p>To pump blood and oxygen around the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Macrophages can live for months, providing continuous defense against infections.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The heart has three chambers.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of dendritic cells in the immune system?

    <p>To mark pathogens for destruction by the adaptive immunity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure prevents the backflow of blood in the heart?

    <p>Valves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Eosinophils primarily respond to __________ organisms such as parasitic worms.

    <p>large</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cell acts against virus-infected and cancerous cells by releasing chemicals?

    <p>Natural Killer Cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The aorta is the largest _____ in the body.

    <p>artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the blood vessels with their functions:

    <p>Arteries = Carry blood away from the heart Capillaries = Facilitate exchange of substances Veins = Bring blood back to the heart Pulmonary veins = Carry oxygenated blood from the lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the immune cell type to its primary function:

    <p>Neutrophils = Ingest and kill pathogens Macrophages = Continuous defense against infections Eosinophils = Kill parasitic worms Dendritic Cells = Mark pathogens for the adaptive immune system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of blood vessel has thin walls and allows for material exchange?

    <p>Capillaries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The lymphatic system only removes waste products from the body.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The walls of veins are thicker than those of arteries.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do interferons do?

    <p>They interfere with viral infections.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main responsibility of the blood?

    <p>To deliver essential substances like nutrients and oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of circulatory system is characterized by the fluid being contained within blood vessels?

    <p>Closed circulatory system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All organisms in Phylum Annelida have an open circulatory system.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main fluid found in an open circulatory system?

    <p>hemolymph</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The primary tissues responsible for transporting water and nutrients in plants are the ______ and ______.

    <p>xylem, phloem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following circulatory systems with their characteristics:

    <p>Open Circulatory System = Hemolymph flows through sinuses Closed Circulatory System = Blood remains in vessels Xylem = Transports water in plants Phloem = Transports nutrients in plants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the heart play in the circulatory system?

    <p>It pumps the circulating fluid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In open circulatory systems, oxygen and nutrients can be directly exchanged with body cells.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of organisms typically have a closed circulatory system?

    <p>Members of Phylum Annelida, Cephalopoda, and all vertebrates.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Module 3: Transport and Circulation of Materials

    • Lesson 3.1: Trends and Strategies Used by Organisms to Transport Materials

    • This lesson covers the various methods organisms use to transport essential materials.

    • Single-celled organisms like Amoeba and Paramecium use simple diffusion.

    • Multicellular organisms employ more complex systems.

    • Lesson 3.2: Transport Mechanisms in Plants

    • Plants' vascular tissues (xylem and phloem) are crucial for transport.

    • Xylem transports water and dissolved minerals from roots to leaves via transpiration.

    • Phloem transports organic nutrients (sugars, amino acids) from sites of production (like leaves) to other parts of the plant via translocation.

    Introduction

    • Efficient transport of nutrients, gases, and waste products is vital for all living organisms.
    • This allows each cell to receive required resources and eliminate byproducts.

    Adaptations by Various Organisms to Transport Materials

    • Non-vascular plants: Lack specialized vascular tissue; rely on diffusion and osmosis for cell-to-cell transport, limiting their size to typically moist environments.

    • Vascular plants: Have specialized vascular tissue (xylem and phloem) enabling them to grow bigger and transport substances over longer distances

    • Gastrovascular Cavity: Found in animals like sea jellies, flatworms; a central cavity acting as both a mouth and an anus; fluid bathes tissues, facilitating gas and nutrient exchange. In flatworms, the GVC is a simple, branched structure for nutrient absorption and waste removal.

    • Circulatory System:

      • Composed of fluid (blood), vessels or pathways, and a pump(heart) circulating the fluid throughout the body.
      • Types: Open systems (e.g., in some mollusks and arthropods) and closed systems (e.g., in annelids, cephalopods, and vertebrates). Hemolymph in open systems bathes organs directly, while blood in closed systems is contained inside vessels, which facilitates more efficient transport.

    Overview of the Circulatory Systems of Different Animals

    • Diagrams illustrating circulatory systems in fish, amphibians, reptiles, and mammals. These depict systems variations and complexities.

    Transport Mechanisms in Plants (continued)

    • Xylem is a complex tissue with specialised cells:
      • Tracheids
      • Vessel elements
      • Xylem fibers
      • Xylem Parenchyma
    • Phloem is a complex tissue with specialized cells:
      • Sieve tubes
      • Phloem fibers
      • Phloem parenchyma

    Three Major Pathways

    • Plants employ the apoplast, transmembrane, and symplast pathways for transport.
    • Apoplast: Water and dissolved minerals move through the porous cell walls outside the plasma membrane. It is fast but does not involve the cell interior
    • Symplast: Water and dissolved minerals move through the interconnected cytoplasm of cells via plasmodesmata. It is slower but permits more control over which materials move across membranes
    • Transmembrane: Water and dissolved minerals cross both the cell membrane and cell walls. This process provides the highest level of control.

    Transpiration

    • Transpiration is the process by which water is lost from plants through evaporation from the leaves.
    • This creates a negative pressure which draws water up the xylem in a process known as 'the cohesion-tension hypothesis'.

    Translocation in The Phloem sap

    • Phloem transports organic nutrients produced during photosynthesis in the leaves to other plant parts like roots and fruits.
    • Sugar molecules passively transported through the phloem

    Summary (Module 3)

    • Organisms have various adaptations for circulating materials to support survival. The complexity of these systems highlights diversity in biology.

    The Human Cardiovascular System

    • Lesson 3.3-3.4: This section describes the structure and function of the human cardiovascular system.
    • Heart: A muscular organ pumping blood; includes four chambers (two atria, two ventricles), valves preventing backflow, and the pericardium.
    • Blood Vessels: Arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins; involved in transporting oxygenated blood from the heart to the body and carrying deoxygenated blood back to the heart.

    The Blood

    • Blood is the body's liquid transport system, consisting of plasma, red blood cells (carrying oxygen), white blood cells (immune defense), and platelets (clotting).

    Red Blood Cells

    • Biconcave disk-shaped cells, carrying oxygen throughout the body using hemoglobin.

    White Blood Cells

    • Several types with different functions, crucial for immune responses and defense against germs.

    Platelets

    • Tiny cell fragments, essential for blood clotting, when blood vessels are injured.

    Blood Circulation

    • The Circulatory system runs on two paths:
    • Pulmonary circulation: supplies blood with oxygen, from the lungs to the heart.
    • Systemic circulation: delivers oxygenated blood around the body, and carries deoxygenated blood from the body to the heart, to be re-oxygenated through the pulmonary circulation.

    Module 4: Immunity

    • Lesson 4.1: Trends and various strategies used by organisms for defense against diseases.

    • This describes diverse defense mechanisms across living organisms. Several examples of pathogens are provided.

    • Innate Immunity of Poriferans (Sponges):

      • Filter-feeding mechanism protects against large concentrations of pathogens in water.
      • Sponges produce secondary metabolites which have antibiotic properties.

    • Innate Immunity of Cnidarians (Jellyfish, Anemones, etc.):

      • Utilize toxins (palytoxins and hypnotoxins) for defense against predators.

    • Innate Immunity of Helminthes (Worms):

      • Employ phagocytes and antimicrobial proteins/compounds to defend against pathogens.

    • Innate Immunity of Mollusks (Snails, Clams, etc.):

      • Rely on hard shells as a first line of defense.
      • Internal immune cells (hematocytes) engulf and destroy pathogens.

    • Innate Immunity of Arthropods (Insects, Spiders, etc.):

      • External exoskeleton provides a barrier.
      • Hemocytes and antimicrobial peptides play a role in killing pathogens that enter the body.

    • Cellular Innate Defenses of Vertebrates (Humans):

      • Involves phagocytic cells (neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells), natural killer cells, and antimicrobial peptides and proteins.

    • Barrier defenses of the human body (innate immunity):

    • Skin - physical barrier, sebum and sweat

    • Nasal hairs and cilia- trapping and removing foreign particles.

    • Long Urethra- slows the passage of bacteria

    • Friendly bacteria- maintain acidic conditions

    • The lymphatic system:- Transports lymph throughout the body which facilitates the movement of immune cells and removal of waste.

    Overview of Innate Immunity

    • Innate immunity offers broad, non-specific defense against foreign substances.
    • Innate immune response triggered immediately, while acquired immunity develops gradually over time.

    Distinction between Innate vs Adaptive Immunity

    • Innate immunity is immediate, while adaptive immunity takes time to develop.

    • Innate immunity provides broad protection, while adaptive immunity's response is targeted.

    • Cells-mediated response:

      • Immune response to infected cells.
      • Carried out by T cells.

    • Humoral response:

      • Immune response to freely floating antigens.
      • Carried out by B cells.

    Specific Defenses (Adaptive Immunity):

    • Antigen: A foreign molecule or microbe triggering an immune response.
    • Antibody: A protein produced by B cells, targeting specific antigens.
    • Recognition: When pathogen's surface protein (antigen) gets recognized by the adaptive immune system.
    • Cell proliferation: Lymphocytes (B & T cells) multiply to fight the specific pathogen.
    • Immunological memory: A stronger and faster response to previously encountered pathogens.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on adaptive and innate immunity with this quiz. Explore the key components, cell types, and functions of both immune systems. Suitable for students studying biology or immunology.

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