Transport and Circulation of Materials PDF
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Philippine Science High School System
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This document is a lesson on transport and circulation of materials in living organisms. It covers topics like trends and strategies used by organisms to transport materials, transport mechanisms in plants, and different types of circulatory systems.
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MODULE 3 Transport and Circulation of Materials LESSON 3.1 Trends and Strategies Used by Organisms to Transport Materials LESSON 3.2 Transport Mechanisms in Plants How is this related with our topic this today? This analogy highlights the role of orga...
MODULE 3 Transport and Circulation of Materials LESSON 3.1 Trends and Strategies Used by Organisms to Transport Materials LESSON 3.2 Transport Mechanisms in Plants How is this related with our topic this today? This analogy highlights the role of organized, structured pathways in transporting essential materials to sustain life in both human-made and biological systems. Introduction Efficient transport of nutrients, gases, and waste products is essential for the survival of all living organisms, enabling each cell to receive the resources it needs while eliminating byproducts. UNICELLULAR ORGANISMS Simple Diffusion a type of passive transport where molecules move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration without the need for energy. Single-celled organisms like Amoeba and Paramecium rely on diffusion across their cell membranes to exchange oxygen, carbon dioxide, and nutrients with their surroundings. Amoeba spp. Paramecium spp. Because of their small size, diffusion alone is sufficient to meet their needs. Adaptations by various organisms to transport materials NON-VASCULAR PLANTS VASCULAR PLANTS lack specialized vascular tissue, such as xylem have specialized vascular tissue, such as and phloem xylem and phloem rely on simple processes like diffusion and characterized by their ability to grow larger osmosis to move water and nutrients directly and more complex due to the presence of from cell to cell. these vascular tissues, which provide support limits their size and habitat, as they typically and enable the efficient movement of essential need moist environments to absorb water and substances over long distances. nutrients effectively. Adaptations by various organisms to transport materials GASTROVASCULAR CAVITY present in animals like sea jellies, other cnidarians, flatworms; a central, often sac-like, cavity with a single opening that serves as both the mouth and anus. fluid would bathe both the inner and outer tissues, this allowing the exchange of important gases and wastes. In cnidarians, this cavity helps distribute nutrients and waste throughout the organism's body. In flatworms, the GVC is similarly a simple, branched structure that facilitates nutrient absorption and waste removal. It provides a surface for digestion and nutrient exchange across its walls. Adaptations by various organisms to transport materials CIRCULATORY SYSTEM it has three basic parts: the fluid circulating around the body a set of vessels the heart, which pumps the fluid. two types: open circulatory system closed circulatory system Open Circulatory System Circulatory fluid called the hemolymph, also the interstitial fluid that surrounds the cells. Some species of mollusks and members of Arthropoda have open circulatory systems. the heart pumpsthe hemolymph through spaces called sinuses that surround the organs. When the heart contracts, it pushes the hemolymph through these sinuses. Inside it, the hemolymph exchanges important things like oxygen and nutrients with the body cells. Closed Circulatory System fluid called blood is distinct from the interstitial fluid. It is contained within vessels, which helps maintain pressure and allows for more efficient transportation of oxygen, nutrients, and waste products. Blood can be directed to specific tissues and organs as needed. The heart pumps blood in a continuous loop, creating a constant flow Members of Phylum Annelida, Cephalopoda and all the vertebrates have closed circulatory systems. Overview of the Circulatory Systems of Different Animals Overview of the Circulatory Systems of Different Animals Lesson 3.2 Transport Mechanisms in Plants The tissues that work to transport water and nutrients in the plant are the xylem and phloem. These tissues are built in such a way that they are able to perform their specific functions. Xylem transports water and minerals from the roots to the leaves Phloem transports sugar and other nutrients to all parts of the plant. Xylem is responsible for transporting water and dissolved minerals from the roots to the rest of the plant. It moves water upward, against gravity, through a process called transpiration. Xylem is a complex tissue is composed of four different cell types: tracheids vessel elements xylem fibers xylem parenchyma Phloem transports sugars, amino acids, and other organic nutrients produced during photosynthesis (mainly in the leaves) to various parts of the plant, including growing tissues and storage organs like roots and fruits. This process is called translocation. Phloem is a complex tissue has four different cell types: sieve tubes vessel elements phloem fibers phloem parenchyma THREE MAJOR PATHWAYS Plants employ three major pathways of transport: the apoplast, transmembrane, and the symplast. Apoplastic Pathway The apoplast refers to everything outside the plasma membrane of living cells and in this pathway, water and dissolved minerals move through porous cell walls but do not go through or into the cell. This pathway is fast, as it bypasses the interior of the cell and moves around the outside. It is particularly important for transporting water and dissolved minerals up to the endodermis (a layer within the root), where it encounters a barrier called the Casparian strip, which forces substances to enter the symplast. Symplastic Pathway The symplast refers to the entire mass of cytosol of living cells and in this pathway; movement is from the cytoplasm of one cell to the next via open channels between cells. involves movement through the cytoplasm of cells connected by structures called plasmodesmata allows selective transport, as substances cross the cell membrane initially, giving the plant control over what enters the pathway. It is slower than the apoplast pathway but is crucial for controlled nutrient movement. Transmembrane Pathway movement occurs through the plasma membrane from one cell to another. This involves both the cell walls and cell membranes, with substances moving through the cytoplasm, then passing into the cell wall, and again into the next cell. This pathway provides the highest level of control over what is transported, as each crossing involves passing through a membrane. 1. Water and minerals are absorbed from the soil by the roots hairs and moves to the ground tissue through one of the possible pathways. 2. Within the root, the water and dissolved minerals will reach the endodermis (a structure exclusive to roots that separate the ground tissue from the vascular tissue). 3. The water and minerals then travel up through the xylem tissue. 4. Once inside the xylem tissues, long distance transport occurs through bulk flow. Bulk flow is the movement of liquid (xylem sap and phloem sap) in response to a pressure gradient and is much faster than diffusion. Transpiration is the loss of water from the plant through evaporation of water through the leaf stomata. When water is constantly lost from the leaves, a negative pressure occurs. This negative pressure acts like a suction force that pulls water up the stem Cohesion-Tension Hypothesis Cohesion is the attraction between water molecules. Tension refers to the pulling force created by water evaporating from the leaves. Transpiration pulls the water up the plant, and adhesion of the water to the cell walls and the cohesion of water molecules to each other ensure the transmission of this pull in the xylem tissue from shoots to roots. Thus, water continuously flows up the xylem tissue to the leaves. The movement of xylem sap is unidirectional, from roots to leaves Translocation in the Phloem sap The movement of phloem sap, on the other hand, is multidirectional. It is from sites of sugar production to sites of sugar use or storage. The transport of the products of photosynthesis is called translocation. Sugar molecules are actively transported from the source cells to the closest sink, or the points of delivery, through the phloem tissues. SUMMARY Organisms have different adaptations with regards to circulation and transport of essential materials. The efficiency, specificity and the range of complexity of these processes really highlight the one thing that makes our study of Biology interesting – variation. the h um an Cardiova sc ular System LESSON 3.3-3.4 BRIEF RECAP!!! WHAT ARE THE BASIC PARTS OF A CIRCULATORY SYSTEM? WHAT ARE THE TWO TYPES OF CIRCULATORY SYSTEM? BASIC PARTS OF THE HUMAN CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM heart blood vessels blood the heart a hollow, muscular organ located directly beneath the diaphragm. size varies with the size of an individual. to pump blood and oxygen around the body and deliver waste products (carbon dioxide) back to the lungs to be removed the heart enclosed by a fibrous sac called the pericardium. has four chambers: left atrium, right atrium, left ventricle, right ventricle. atria - upper chambers have thin walls and act as receiving chambers for blood returning to the heart. ventricles - receive blood from the atria. Its contraction of pumps out blood out of the heart. the heart the right and left sides of the heart is divided into a wall structure called the septum. The blood would pass through a valve as it leaves a chamber. These valves function to prevent backflow of blood. the blood vessels a complex network that acts as blood carriers. These include the arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules and veins. the blood vessels arteries Arteries are strong and elastic blood vessels that function for carrying blood away from the heart. The aorta is the largest artery in the body. It can be subdivided into three sections namely, the ascending aorta, the aortic arch, and the descending aorta (composed of the thoracic aorta and the abdominal aorta). the blood vessels capillaries Capillaries are the smallest blood vessels in the circulatory system, and their primary function is to facilitate the exchange of substances between the blood and surrounding tissues. thin walls form a semipermeable tissue by which exchange of materials occur between the blood and the fluid surrounding the body cells. Muscles and nerve tissues which consume high amounts of oxygen and nutrients are supplied with more capillaries. the blood vessels venules and veins responsible for bringing back blood back to the heart. The walls of veins are thinner compared to that of the arteries, yet their lumens have greater diameter. The pulmonary veins are responsible for carrying oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart, while the larger circuit that is made up of the systemic veins carries deoxygenated blood from the body back to the heart. the blood Our blood is the bodily fluid responsible for delivering essential substances like nutrients and oxygen in the body. It is composed of the plasma, the liquid portion containing water, electrolytes and other important molecules, the red blood cells, the white blood cells and the platelets. the blood red blood cells Red blood cells (RBC) or erythrocytes are biconcave disk cells having a diameter of around 8 micrometers. cell membranes are strong and flexible allowing them to deform but resist rupture even if they squeeze through thin capillaries. The cytoplasm of an RBC contains a protein called hemoglobin which is about 1/3 of the cell’s mass. the blood red blood cells The red blood cell's main function is to carry oxygen from the lungs and deliver it throughout our body. Red blood cells also transport waste such as carbon dioxide back to our lungs to be exhaled. the blood white blood cells White blood cells (WBC) or leukocytes are the components of the blood playing an important role in immune response. Granular leukocytes display distinct granules (neutrophil, eosinophil and basophil.) Agranular leukocytes have cytoplasmic granules but are not. visible under the microscope due to their size (lymphocytes & monocytes) the blood white blood cells the blood platelets Platelets, also known as thrombocytes are tiny cell fragments that are formed from the disintegration of megakaryocytes A disintegration of one megakaryocyte could form around 3000 platelets sized at 2-4 micrometers in diameter. the blood platelets They contain proteins on their surfaces allowing them to clot to break in the blood vessel wall. When a blood vessel is injured, platelets are activated and adhere to the damaged area. They clump together to form a platelet plug, in the process of aggregation, which temporarily seals the wound to prevent excessive blood loss. platelets release their contents to activate other platelets. The contents also interact with coagulation factors, including thrombin which are important in the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin, a protein that strengthens the blood clot. How does the blood circulate on our body? The circulatory system runs in two paths: the systemic and the pulmonary circuit. pulmonary circulation is responsible for supplying the blood with oxygen systemic circulation allows oxygenated blood to be supplied around the body and deoxygenated blood back to the heart to be supplied with oxygen by the pulmonary circuit. Module 4. Immunity Lesson 4.1. Trends and various strategies used by organisms for defense against diseases Entamoeba hystolitica Plasmodium vivax Disease: Amoebiasis Disease: Malaria Candida albicans Human Immuno-deficiency Virus Disease: Yeast infections Disease: AIDS How does our body respond to the dangers of pathogen attack? IMMUNE SYSTEM It is the body system that DEFENDS the body against any foreign molecule and aims to limit if not prevent many infections. Different animals have evolved a variety of structures to protect themselves from the threat of the outside environment There are TWO types of immunity: Innate and Adaptive/Acquired Immunity innate vs. adaptive Innate immunity is the body’s Adaptive immunity is a specialized first line of defense against defense system in the body that provides infections and harmful long-lasting, specific protection against substances. It is a non-specific pathogens. This immunity develops over time and targets particular antigens, immune response, meaning it which are unique molecules found on the does not target specific surface of pathogens. It is activated when pathogens but instead provides the innate immune system identifies a a broad defense against a wide threat that requires a more precise response. range of invaders. INNATE IMMUNITY OF DIFFERENT ORGANISMS INNATE IMMUNITY OF PORIFERANS Innate immunity in poriferans (sponges) involves non-specific defense mechanisms to protect themselves from pathogens, harmful substances, and foreign particles. Sponges feed through filter feeding wherein they intake large amounts of water and filter, extract and absorb edible materials which are suspended in the liquid medium. This type of feeding poses a threat as large concentrations of viruses and bacteria may be suspended in marine water. Sponges produce secondary metabolites (such as antibiotic compounds which kill and prevent the growth of bacteria and viruses Suberites domuncula can recognize Gram positive and Gram-negative bacteria as well as fungi. They also produce suberitine, a neurotoxin which can disrupt an invertebrate’s nervous and circulatory system. INNATE IMMUNITY OF CNIDARIANS Cnidarians, which include animals like jellyfish, sea anemones, and corals, produce a wide range of toxins for defense, predation, and competition. Cnidarians produce a variety of toxins which include palytoxins and hypnotoxins. Palytoxins are highly potent and toxic compounds found primarily in certain marine cnidarians, such as certain species of corals. In humans and other animals, exposure to palytoxins can cause symptoms such as muscle weakness, paralysis, respiratory distress, and cardiac arrhythmias, which can be fatal in severe cases. Hypnotoxins are produced particularly by jellyfishes. When humans or animals are stung by cnidarians with hypnotoxins, the symptoms can range from local pain, redness, and swelling at the sting site to more severe reactions, including nausea, vomiting, shock, or even death if the toxin spreads through the bloodstream and interferes with critical bodily functions. Most Cnidarians have nematocysts, stinging cells used to inject the toxins into the body of a prey or a predator. INNATE IMMUNITY OF HELMINTHES INNATE IMMUNITY OF MOLLUSKS Mollusks possess innate immunity defense in the form of anatomic barrier defense, phagocytic cells, and bodily fluids. When these anatomic barrier defenses are breached by the pathogen, the innate immune response of the Hardened shells = first line of defense mollusk will be triggered. Hematocytes - phagocytic cells which are circulating around in the body fluids, engulf and destroy small invaders In response to larger invaders, the mollusks bodily fluids secrete toxic enzymes and compounds such as lysozomes and nitric oxide in order tov neutralize and kill the invading pathogen. INNATE IMMUNITY OF ARTHROPODS INNATE IMMUNITY OF ARTHROPODS LESSON 4.2 NON-SPECIFIC DEFENSES OF THE HUMAN BODY (INNATE IMMUNITY) GUESS THE SCRAMBLED WORD N S I K ANSWER: SKIN GUESS THE SCRAMBLED WORD P Y L M H ANSWER: LYMPH GUESS THE SCRAMBLED WORD I C I A L ANSWER: CILIA GUESS THE SCRAMBLED WORD G H C O R P E A M A ANSWER: MACROPHAGE BRIEF RECAP! What is the function of the immune system? What are the two types of immunity? INNATE IMMUNITY OF VERTEBRATES BARRIER DEFENSE CELL-MEDIATED the first line of defense second line of defense composed and protects against any of immune cells dedicated to detect, devour, and destroy outside invaders pathogens which have breached the barrier defense. INNATE IMMUNITY OF VERTEBRATES BARRIER DEFENSES OF THE HUMAN BODY Blocks the entry of pathogens How does it Expels pathogens and foreign protect the body? agents Provides an environment which is not suitable to the growth of pathogens. These defenses include the skin, respiratory tract structures, urethra, body secretions, organ pH, and friendly microflora of some organs. INNATE IMMUNITY OF VERTEBRATES BARRIER DEFENSES OF THE HUMAN BODY SKIN Tough, continuous barrier made of tightly packed cells in the epidermis, preventing pathogens from entering the body. The skin secretes sebum, an oily substance from sebaceous glands, which creates an acidic environment that inhibits microbial growth. Sweat contains antimicrobial peptides and enzymes like lysozyme, which break down bacterial cell walls. INNATE IMMUNITY OF VERTEBRATES BARRIER DEFENSES OF THE HUMAN BODY NASAL HAIRS & CILIA The nasal hair acts as air filters trapping dirt and large foreign molecules. The respiratory tract is also protected by several mechanisms such as sneeze, cough reflex, and muco-ciliary apparatus. Goblet cells in the tracheal lining secrete mucus that traps dust, dirt, and pathogens, The cilia are tiny hair-like structures that beat in a coordinated, wave- like motion. This motion propels mucus and trapped particles upward toward the throat, where they can be swallowed or expelled. Sneeze and cough reflex are usually experienced when dirt or any unnecessary material enters the respiratory tract. INNATE IMMUNITY OF VERTEBRATES BARRIER DEFENSES OF THE HUMAN BODY LONG URETHRA IN MALES the long urethra in males is a first line of defense since this structure makes it hard and slower for bacteria to travel to the urinary bladder and promote urinary tract infection. INNATE IMMUNITY OF VERTEBRATES BARRIER DEFENSES OF THE HUMAN BODY FRIENDLY BACTERIA Maintaining an Acidic Environment: Lactobacillus species produce lactic acid, which lowers the pH of the vagina. This acidic environment inhibits the growth of harmful bacteria, fungi, and other pathogens that thrive in less acidic conditions. Producing Antimicrobial Compounds: Lactobacillus produces hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), a substance toxic to many harmful microorganisms. Preventing Pathogen Adhesion: Lactobacillus occupies binding sites on the vaginal epithelium, effectively crowding out harmful bacteria and preventing them from attaching and colonizing. But what would happen if the pathogen or foreign molecule breaches the barrier defense? INNATE IMMUNITY OF VERTEBRATES CELLULAR INNATE DEFENSES OF THE HUMAN BODY How does it Detect, devour, and destroy protect the body? invading pathogens Cellular innate defenses can be classified as phagocytic cells, natural killer cells, and anti-microbial peptides and proteins. PHAGOCYTIC CELLS IN THE BLOOD Neutrophils are mature phagocytic cells which ingest marked NEUTROPHILS pathogens and kill them Macrophages are large-eaters which have more elaborate MACROPHAGES phagocytic abilities than neutrophils; can live for months; hence, providing continuous defense against infections in tissues Dendritic cells often populate tissues which are in direct contact with the environment such as the skin. They also exhibit DENDRITIC CELLS phagocytosis, but instead of killing a pathogen, they mark the pathogen and presents the pathogen for destruction by the acquired/adaptive immunity EOSINOPHILS Eosinophils immediately respond to big pathogens such as big worms and kill parasitic worms by releasing destructive enzymes. NATURAL KILLER CELLS act against virus-stricken and cancerous cells not by engulfing them or phagocytosis but by releasing chemicals which lead to cell death. These cells circulates throughout the body and can easily recognize whether a cell is healthy or cancerous or infected by a virus. NK cells are versatile immune warriors that help keep the body free of infections and abnormal cell growth by recognizing and rapidly eliminating threats. ANTIMICROBIAL PEPTIDES AND PROTEINS directly kill pathogens and impede their reproduction. These are peptides and proteins that attack pathogens and impede their reproduction. Interferons are proteins which interfere with viral infections. Complement system is a type which eliminates dead cell wastes, and augments adaptive immunity THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM a network of vessels that transport lymph throughout the body. It plays a crucial role in immune defense by enabling the movement of immune cells and facilitating the removal of waste, toxins, and pathogens from tissues. Lymph Nodes are small, bean-shaped structures where immune response cells reside and become activated. Lymph is a fluid that originates from interstitial fluid, which leaks out of cells and blood vessels during normal bodily processes. This fluid carries immune cells and pathogens to the lymph nodes for immune surveillance and response. Cellular innate defenses within the lymphatic system work by recognizing common patterns found on pathogens and initiating rapid responses to neutralize threats. WHATS WRONG WITH MY CBC? Complete Blood Count is a blood test which determines the amount of several cellular components of the blood which include the red blood cells, white blood cells, lymphocytes, platelets and hematocrit (the proportion of red blood cells in relation to the plasma). Underlying medical conditions can be deduced from a CBC report. As a product of coevolution across time, some pathogens evolved structures and mechanisms which made it impossible for the innate defenses to expel, acknowledge, neutralize and kill them. One example of this is Streptococcus pneumoniae, the causative agent of pneumonia. It possesses a capsule which made it hard for innate defenses to recognize them. This led to the development of drugs which can effectively eliminate these pathogens. SPECIFIC DEFENSES OF THE HUMAN BODY (ACQUIRED/ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY) LESSON 4.3 BY: KIM DIMPLE C. RENDON SST 1 GUESS THE INFECTION Can you name this viral infection? What are the symptoms of these infections? How does your body fight off this infection? Is it true that you can only catch this viral infection once in your lifetime? ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY OF VERTEBRATES rely on the pathogen-specific recognition ability of lymphocytes - white blood cells produced in the bone marrow There are three types of lymphocytes: B cells, T cells, and natural killer cells. B cells - recognize antigens in their native form; responsible for humoral (antibody-mediated) immunity. T cells - recognize processed antigens presented on MHC molecules; responsible for cell-mediated immunity. ANTIGEN - is typically a foreign ANTIBODY (also known as molecule or microbe that the an immunoglobulin) is a immune system recognizes as a protein produced by B cells potential threat. Antigens can in response to the presence be found on the surface of of an antigen. They are y- pathogens like bacteria, viruses, shaped and are highly fungi, or on non-living specific to the antigen that substances such as toxins, triggered their production pollen, or even transplanted and work by binding to that organs. antigen to neutralize or mark it for destruction by other immune cells. FIRST STEP OF ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY RECOGNITION happens when the antigen receptor of B cell or T cell binds to an antigen ANTIGEN RECOGNITION BY B-CELL ANTIGEN RECOGNITION BY T-CELL FIRST STEP OF ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY FOUR CHARACTERISTICS OF ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY There is a rich diversity of lymphocytes and antigen receptors. Self - tolerance or lack of reactivity against an animal’s own molecules and cells FOUR CHARACTERISTICS OF ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY Cell proliferation triggered by activation greatly increases the number of B cells & T cells Immunological memory - a stronger and more rapid response to an antigen encountered before B cell and T cell undergoes multiple cell division to produce more cells that can recognize a specific antigen. Two types of cells are produced: Effectors cells and Memory cells FOUR CHARACTERISTICS OF ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY Effector cells Memory cells short-lived long-lived immediately acts against a reactive when the pathogen recognized pathogen infects the body again for the helper T cells, cytotoxic T second time in the future cells, and plasma cells memory T cells and memory B cells TWO TYPES OF ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY Cell-mediated response Humoral response immune response found immune response found against antigen found in an against antigen which are infected cell freely floating in the bodily carried out by T cells fluids (humor = bodily fluid) carried out by B cells THESIS DEFENSE