Block 3: IMM (DITKI) ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY

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Questions and Answers

What is the role of superantigens in the immune response?

They promote the differentiation of regulatory T cells.

They enhance phagocytosis by macrophages.

They hyperinduce inflammatory cytokines. (correct)

They inhibit the production of cytokines.

Which T cell signaling pathway is crucial for regulatory T cell differentiation?

Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway.

Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway.

T cell receptor signaling pathway. (correct)

Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) pathway.

How do pentraxins function in the immune response?

By facilitating the clearance of pathogens. (correct)

By preventing the differentiation of B cells.

By neutralizing antibodies in the bloodstream.

By initiating the apoptosis of immune cells.

What characterizes M1 macrophages in the immune response?

They produce pro-inflammatory cytokines. Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of macrophage polarization in tissue remodeling?

It influences the clearance of dying cells. Signup and view all the answers

Which cytokine profile is most commonly associated with M2 macrophages?

Increased IL-10 and TGF-beta. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of pathogen recognition in the innate immune system?

The interaction of pattern-recognition receptors with pathogen-associated molecular patterns. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a feature of humoral immunity?

Production of antibodies by B cells. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of cytokines in the immune response?

Regulate immune cell activities Signup and view all the answers

In T cell development, what is the significance of the thymus?

It is the site of T cell differentiation Signup and view all the answers

What role do cytokines play in the immune system?

They act as signaling molecules to regulate immunity. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes T cell development?

Negative selection eliminates autoreactive T cells during development. Signup and view all the answers

What mechanism primarily describes the humoral immune response?

Antibody production by B cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs) in adaptive immunity?

Recognize and bind to pathogen-associated molecular patterns Signup and view all the answers

What mechanism is primarily responsible for the humoral immune response?

Production of antibodies by B cells. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes macrophage polarization?

The process by which macrophages can adopt different functional states Signup and view all the answers

What is a key factor in pathogen recognition during adaptive immunity?

Specific T-cell receptors that recognize antigens. Signup and view all the answers

Which cytokine is most commonly associated with Th1 cell differentiation?

IL-12 Signup and view all the answers

What defines macrophage polarization in immune responses?

There are two main polarization states: M1 and M2, with distinct functions. Signup and view all the answers

Which cytokine is typically associated with promoting T helper 2 responses?

Interleukin-4 (IL-4) Signup and view all the answers

What role do memory T cells play in the adaptive immune response?

They provide long-term immunity upon re-exposure to the same pathogen Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary surface marker for identifying memory T cells?

CD127 Signup and view all the answers

In terms of macrophage activation, what are the two main polarized states?

M1 and M2 Signup and view all the answers

Which mechanism describes how macrophages can recognize pathogens?

Utilizing pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Innate Immunity

Pathogen recognition is a key function of the innate immune system, allowing it to distinguish between self and non-self.
Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs) on immune cells recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs).
PAMPs are unique to pathogens, while DAMPs are released from damaged cells.
Toll-like Receptors (TLRs) are a major class of PRRs, each recognizing specific PAMPs.
TLR activation triggers signaling pathways that induce inflammatory responses, leading to the production of cytokines, chemokines, and other immune effectors.
Surfactant collectins, such as surfactant protein A (SP-A) and surfactant protein D (SP-D), are soluble PRRs that bind to pathogens, facilitating their clearance and promoting inflammatory responses.

Adaptive Immunity

T cell activation involves a complex interplay of signals, including antigen recognition by the T cell receptor (TCR) and co-stimulatory signals.
MHC molecules present processed antigens to T cells, a key step in recognizing and responding to pathogens.
CD28, a co-stimulatory receptor, plays a crucial role in T cell activation.
CTLA-4 is a negative regulator of T cell activation that prevents excessive immune responses.
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) suppress immune responses, contributing to maintaining immune tolerance and preventing autoimmune reactions.
Superantigens are potent activators of T cells, leading to massive cytokine release and potentially severe immune dysregulation.

Macrophages

Macrophages are highly plastic cells, able to differentiate into various subtypes depending on the environmental cues they receive.
M1 macrophages are pro-inflammatory, while M2 macrophages are anti-inflammatory and contribute to tissue repair.
Macrophages play a critical role in both innate and adaptive immunity, engulfing pathogens, presenting antigens to T cells, and releasing cytokines that shape the immune response.

Granulomas

Granulomas are a type of inflammatory structure formed in response to chronic infections, such as tuberculosis.
Granulomas contain a central core of infected cells surrounded by a layer of macrophages and other immune cells.
Foamy macrophages are a characteristic feature of granulomas in tuberculosis, reflecting the accumulation of lipids within these cells.
Granulomas can be either protective, containing and preventing the spread of the infection, or destructive, contributing to tissue damage.

Asthma

Asthma is a chronic airway disease characterized by inflammation and bronchospasm.
Chronic inflammation involves T-cell activation, cytokine release, and airway remodeling.
Airway remodeling includes changes in the structure of the airways, such as thickening of the airway walls and increased mucus production.

Wound Repair

Wound repair is a complex process involving multiple cell types and signaling pathways.
Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) is a key regulator of angiogenesis, the formation of new blood vessels, which is essential for wound healing.
Macrophages play a crucial role in wound repair, clearing debris, promoting angiogenesis, and contributing to tissue regeneration.

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Description

Explore the key concepts of innate and adaptive immunity, including pathogen recognition, pattern recognition receptors, and the role of T cell activation. This quiz will guide you through important components such as PAMPs, DAMPs, and surfactant collectins, enhancing your understanding of the immune response.

Block 3: IMM (DITKI) ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY - HUMORAL RESPONSE

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