Abdominal Regions and Anterior Wall

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary nerve responsible for the innervation of the diaphragm?

Intercostal nerve

Vagus nerve

Spinal accessory nerve

Phrenic nerve (correct)

Which structure primarily drains lymph from the thoracic cavity?

Right lymphatic duct

Jugular vein

Thoracic duct (correct)

Subclavian vein

Which of the following layers is NOT part of the wall structure of the esophagus?

Submucosa

Mucosa

Serosa (correct)

Adventitia

What vessel primarily supplies the thoracic wall?

Intercostal arteries Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the intercostal muscles?

Assist in respiration Signup and view all the answers

Which structure serves as the organ for fetal nutrition and excretion?

Placenta Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the ductus arteriosus in fetal circulation?

To bypass the lungs Signup and view all the answers

Which condition could result from abnormal space between the layers of membrane that covers the heart?

Cardiac tamponade Signup and view all the answers

Which nerve is primarily responsible for the innervation of the diaphragm?

Left phrenic nerve Signup and view all the answers

Which structure primarily drains lymph from the thorax?

Thoracic duct Signup and view all the answers

The structure that connects the thoracic esophagus to the stomach is known as what?

Lower esophageal sphincter Signup and view all the answers

The right coronary artery does NOT supply which of the following areas?

Left ventricle Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the intercostal muscles?

Assisting in respiration Signup and view all the answers

Which artery is most commonly associated with the supply to the anterior mediastinum?

Internal thoracic artery Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary blood supply to the thoracic esophagus?

Aorta Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following intercostal nerves is responsible for sensation in the skin over the chest wall?

Intercostal nerves Signup and view all the answers

Which vein primarily drains the blood from the thoracic organs?

Azygos vein Signup and view all the answers

In which part of the thorax does the thoracic duct typically ascend?

Posterior mediastinum Signup and view all the answers

What separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity?

Diaphragm Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is characterized by the accumulation of lipid in coronary arteries?

Atherosclerosis Signup and view all the answers

Which thoracic structure is primarily responsible for initiating the heartbeat?

Sinoatrial node Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary artery that supplies the urethra?

Internal iliac artery Signup and view all the answers

Which ribs are categorized as true ribs?

The first seven pairs Signup and view all the answers

What muscles are primarily involved in the movement of the thoracic wall?

External and internal intercostals Signup and view all the answers

Which structure separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity?

Diaphragm Signup and view all the answers

What type of blood do the pulmonary arteries carry?

Oxygen-poor blood to the lungs Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary lymphatic drainage pathway from the cervical portion of the oesophagus?

Cervical lymph nodes Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary structure that drains the abdominal oesophagus?

Abdominal lymph nodes Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding the azygos vein?

It usually drains the thoracic wall. Signup and view all the answers

What separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities during respiration?

The diaphragm Signup and view all the answers

Which nerves supply the intercostal muscles?

Intercostal nerves Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Plate 1: Regions and Planes of Abdomen

Xiphisternal plane: Runs horizontally through the xyphoid processes at the level of the vertebra.
Transpyloric plane: Lies midway between the manubrium and the upper borders of the coastal cartilage.
Subcoastal plane: Usually lies at the level of the body of the tenth coastal cartilage.
Subcostal plane: Joins the highest point of the iliac crest on each side.
Transtubercular plane: Joins the tubercles of the iliac crest.
Pubic crest plane: Lies at the level of the inferior end of the plane vertebra.

Plate 2: Anterior Abdominal Wall

Anterior abdominal wall: Extends from the superiorly to the inferior end.
Composition: Composed of (i) muscles, (ii) lining the peritoneal cavity, and (iii) vessels.
Inguinal canal: Connects the abdominal cavity to the scrotum in males or the labia majora in females.
Blood supply: The anterior abdominal wall receives its blood supply from vessels.

Plate 3: Posterior Abdominal Wall

Posterior abdominal wall continuity: Continuous laterally with the wall, superiorly with the structures of the (iii) the visceral which lie beneath the posterior parietal peritoneum referred to as the Kidneys, Suprarenal glands, Pancreas ureters and part of the gut tube.
Posterior layer of the thoracolumbar fascia: Attached to the lumbar region.
Bones of the posterior abdominal wall: Includes (i) vertebrae, (ii) ribs, (iii) sacrum (iv)coccyx (v) intervertebral discs.

Plate 4: Inguinal Region

Inguinal ligament: Stretches from the (i) to the (ii) in the tissues of the anterior abdominal wall.
Inguinal ligament: is a natural hiatus in the tissues of the anterior abdominal wall.

Plate 5: Inguinal Canal

Inguinal canal contents: Contains (i) in female and (ii) in male and (iii) in both sexes.

Plate 6: Stomach in Situ

Stomach location: Lies between the (i) and (ii).
Stomach divisions: Divided into (i), (ii), (iii), and (iv) by arbitrary lines on its external surface.
Esophageal opening: Refers to the opening from the esophagus into the stomach.

Plate 7: Mucosa of Stomach

Abnormality: The presence of abnormal columnar epithelium within the esophagus referred to as that lines the orifice aids closure of the cardiac orifice.
Stomach mucosa: Comprised of (i), (ii), (iii).

Plate 8: Mucosa and Musculature of Duodenum

Small intestine components: The small intestine consists of (i), (ii), and (iii).
Duodenum length: The adult duodenum is long.
Duodenum location: Lies between the level of the vertebrae in the supine position.
Duodenal mucosa structure: Duodenal mucosa consists of (i), (ii), and (iii).

Plate 9: Ileocaecal Region

Ileocaecal region content: Caecum is a large blind pouch, proximally continuous with the (i) and distally with the (ii).
Appendix location: The Vermiform appendix usually arises on the junction of the caecum and colon.
Process: Fluid and electrolyte reabsorption starts in the (1) but takes place largely in the ascending and transverse colon (2) at the junction of (3).

Plate 10: Mucosa and Musculature of Large Intestine

Arteries to the colon: Derived from the (i), (ii), and (iii).
Location of the structure: Forms the junction of the ascending and transverse colon.

Plate 11: Surface and Bed of Liver

Liver size: The largest of the abdominal viscera.
Liver colour: Throughout life the liver is in colour.
Liver function: The most common cause of excess fat in the liver is steatosis.
Liver location in relation to abdominal structures: The porta hepatic is a fissure on the inferior surface of the liver which contains (i), (ii), and (iii). The hepatic flexure and spleenic flexures.

Plate 12: Liver in Situ

Liver divisions: The liver has been historically considered to be divided into (i), (ii), (iii), and (iv) by surface peritoneal and ligamentous attachments.

### Plate 13: Pancreas in Situ

Pancreatic location: Within the curve of the and extending to the duodenum.
Pancreatic blood supply: The pancreas has a rich arterial supply derived from branches of the (i) and (ii).
Venous drainage of pancreas: into the.

Plate 14: Extrahepatic, Bile and Pancreatic Duct

Extrahepatic duct system: The system of vessels and ducts that collect and deliver bile from the liver parenchyma to the second part of the duodenum consists of (i), (ii), (iii).
Extrahepatic biliary trees: (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v).
Common bile duct formation: Formed near the porta hepatis by the junction of the ducts (i) and (ii).

Plate 15: Spleen and Adrenal Gland

Spleen location: In the upper left quadrant of the abdominal cavity.
Spleen size and weight in adults: Usually (i) long, (ii) broad, and (iii) wide.
Spleen function: The spleen is concerned with (i) and (ii) and accompanies any immune response, or inflammatory conditions.

Plate 16: Arteries of Stomach, Liver, Pancreas, and Spleen

Predominant stomach artery supply: From the (i).. artery.
Short gastric artery source: Arises directly from the..(i) artery.

Plate 17: Arteries of large/small intestine and spleen

Main vessels supplying duodenum: (i) artery
Mesenteric artery origin: Superior mesenteric artery originates from the .
Colonic artery supply variations: The main arteries to the caecum, appendix, and ascending colon are variable.
Rectal artery supply: The principal arterial supply to the upper two-thirds of the rectum is the artery

Plate 18: Hepatic Portal Vein

The liver has two venous systems (i)..and (ii).
Blood supply for the liver: Venous blood from the majority of the gastrointestinal tract.

Plate 19: Gross Structure of Kidney

Kidney function: Excrete (i), (ii), (iii), and produce and release (iv),(v), and (vi).
Kidney shape: Each kidney is typically (i). in length, (ii) in breadth, and (iii) in anteroposterior dimension.

Plate 20: Renal Arteries and Veins

Renal artery branching: Renal arteries branch laterally from (i) just below the origin of the superior mesenteric artery.
Left renal artery position: The left renal artery is (i). lower and passes behind (ii) and (iii).
Interlobar vein drainage: interlobar veins anastomoses and formed the vein.

Plate 21: Arteries of Ureter and Urinary bladder

Ureter supply: Supplied by branches from the (i), (ii), (iii), and (iv) arteries.
Bladder supply: Supplied principally by the (i) and the (ii) arteries.
Male urethra: Extends from (i) in the bladder to (ii) at the end of the penis.

Plate 22: Male testis and female Uterus

Testis function: Responsible for (i) and (ii) production.
Testis location: The testes are suspended in the scrotum by scrotal tissues, including (i) and (ii).

Plate 23: Male penis and Female Vagina

Penis structure: consists of an (i) in the perineum and a free (ii) which is completed.
Penis root: consists of three masses of erectile tissue in the urogenital triangle, namely two (i) and (ii).
Penis body: consists of three masses of erectile tissue (i), (ii), and (iii) which are the continuation of crura

Plate 24: Male Bladder, Prostate and Female Bladder relationships

Male bladder position and relation to rectum: The male bladder is separated from the rectum above by (i) and below by (ii) and (iii).
Structures related to bladder supporting anatomy: The bladder is anchored inferrorly by condensation of pelvis fascia.
Urethra supply: The urethra is supplied principally by (i) artery.

Plate 1: Bony Framework of Thorax

Ribs: (a) pairs of elastic arches.
Rib articulations: Posteriorly with the (i). (b) are articulated posteriorly.
Rib types: First seven pairs termed as (c), remaining five termed (d).

Plate 2: Anterior Thoracic Wall

Thoracic wall muscles: (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), and (v) are (a).
Thoracic cavity divisions: Two major openings (b) separate the thoracic cavity from abdominal cavity.
Thoracic skeleton: (i), (ii), (iii), and (iv) (c).

Plate 3: Azygoes Venous System

Azygos vein origin: typically starts from the posterior aspect of the (b).

Plate 4: Lymph Vessels and Nodes Of Oesophagus

Lymph drainage: Efferent vessels from cervical oesophagus drain to, and vessels from thoracic drain to and vessels from the abdominal oesophagus drain to the (b).

Plate 5: Thoracic Lymph Nodes

Oesophagus structure: A muscular tube connecting the (i) to the (ii), beginning at the level of the (i) (b).
Oesophagus ending: (i) and (ii) (b).
Oesophagus blood supply: (i) and (ii) supply.

Plate 6: The Thoracic Autonomic Nervous System

Thoracic sympathetic trunk: (b) which forms the (c).
Vagal nerve position: The (d) nerve descends posterior to the (i).
Vagus nerve pathway: (d) nerve descends posterior to (i) and crosses anterior to (ii).

Plate 7: Oesophagus

Oesophagus position: Oesophagus crosses (a) and enters the abdomen through (i) and (ii) at the level of (c).

Plate 8: Oesophagus Venous Drainage

Blood drainage from oesophagus: Drains into a (1) and then to (ii).

Plate 9: Subdivisions Of The Mediastinum

Mediastinum boundaries: Superior lies between (i) and (ii); Superior is also bounded by (1), and (ii), and laterally by (iii) (c).
Anterior mediastinum boundaries: The region between (i) and (ii) (e).

Plate 10: The Thorax And Right Lymphatic Ducts

Position of Thoracic duct: (i)(b) extends from (ii).. .to the (iii).
Thoracic duct opening: (i) and (ii), (d).
Thoracic duct anomalies: (d).

Plate 11: The Distribution of Right And Left Phrenic Nerves

Phrenic nerve location: (1) and (ii) (b) approx. two thirty of the left and one third of the right.
Phrenic nerve borders: four borders (i),(ii), (iii), and (iv) (c).

Plate 12: Heart In Situ

Anatomical heart apex: (b) is referred to as (a).
Pericardium structure: The (c) is made up of two parts (i) and (ii) (d).
Serosal pericardium covering:The serosal pericardium layer (f).
Cardiac artery branches: (g).

Plate 13: The Heart, Great Vessels, and Lung in Situ

Right and left heart function: The right side receives poorly oxygenated blood from the body, and the left side receives well-oxygenated blood from the lungs.

Plate 14: The Heart And Great Vessels

Blood vessels supplying the myocardium: (b) (i) and (ii) carry blood to and from most of the myocardium, (c).
Coronary artery pain: (d).
Coronary artery stenosis: (e).
Trachea structure: (f) (i) and (ii) of C-Shaped hyaline cartilage ring.

Plate 15: Conducting Tissue Of The Heart

Conducting system: coordinates the cardiac cycle, consisting of (i)... and (ii).
SA node location: Located anterolaterally just deep to the epicardium at the junction of (i).. and (ii)..
AV node location: Located in the postero-inferior region.

Plate 16: The Interior Of The Heart

Right coronary artery branches: (i), (ii), (iii), (iv).
Left coronary artery includes: (i), (ii), (iii) (iv), and (v).
Coronary artery disease effect: (d) is one of the coronary artery diseases.

Plate 17: Human Cardiac Plexus

Cardiac plexus parts: Superficial (b) and Deep (c).
Cardiac plexus nerve relation: Left coronary artery to the (d), and Right coronary to the(d) (e).

Plate 18: The Coronary Arterial System

Coronary artery origins: (b) arise from (a) (b).
Coronary artery characteristics: (c) are characterized by..
Cardiac drainage: (d) drained by (i) and (ii) and (iii) (d).

Plate 19: The Right Lung

Right lung division: (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi).
Structures entering/leaving the helium: (vi), (vii), and (viii).

Plate 20: The Left Lung

Left lung division: (i) lobe and (ii) (b).
Lung function: (c) which are essential organs for respiration.
Lung nerve involvement: (d) involving (i) and (ii) can result (iii) or (iv).

Plate 21: Bronchi: The Respiratory Tree

Trachea length: (b).
Trachea divisions: (c) divides into the right and left principal bronchi.
Trachea position relative to other structures: (e).

Plate 22: Lungs and Bronchi

Lung surfaces: (e) of the lungs to the heat and trachea connects the medial surface (f), right lung has (f) lobes while the left (g)(i).
Lung membrane: A membrane of fibrous tissue (h)..

Plate 23: The Fetal Circulation

Fetal organ for nutrition and excretion: (b) for fetal nutrition, and excretion.
Placental blood flow: Fetal blood reaches the placenta via (i).
Fetal circulation shunt: Fetal circulation bypasses the lungs through a shunt called..(e).
Fetal blood flow: Most of the blood flows across to the left atrium through a shunt called..(g).

Plate 24: Diaphragm

Diaphragm structure: a sheet (b) that separates the thoracic from the abdominal cavity.
Diaphragm openings: 3 large openings (c).
Diaphragm aperture levels: (d) and (e).
Diaphragm part composition: (g) two portions (i) and (ii).
Nerve and artery supplies: (h) artery and (i); (j) from the.

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Test your knowledge on the anatomical regions and planes of the abdomen. This quiz covers key concepts such as the xiphisternal and transpyloric planes, as well as the composition and blood supply of the anterior abdominal wall. Perfect for students studying human anatomy.