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Questions and Answers
The control of key trade routes by the Ottoman Empire discouraged European exploration.
The control of key trade routes by the Ottoman Empire discouraged European exploration.
False
The Columbian Exchange primarily involved the spread of crops, animals, and technologies between Europe and Asia.
The Columbian Exchange primarily involved the spread of crops, animals, and technologies between Europe and Asia.
False
Religious conflicts during the Protestant Reformation influenced colonization efforts in Europe.
Religious conflicts during the Protestant Reformation influenced colonization efforts in Europe.
True
Social hierarchies in the Americas were based solely on economic status.
Social hierarchies in the Americas were based solely on economic status.
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The silver trade connected the New World directly with Europe and Asia, establishing a global economic system.
The silver trade connected the New World directly with Europe and Asia, establishing a global economic system.
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In 1450, feudalism was prevalent in Europe while Renaissance ideas were emerging in Italy.
In 1450, feudalism was prevalent in Europe while Renaissance ideas were emerging in Italy.
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The Inca Empire is known for its advanced military strategies and a weak central government.
The Inca Empire is known for its advanced military strategies and a weak central government.
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The Ottoman Empire controlled significant parts of Western Asia and North Africa, influencing trade routes between East and West.
The Ottoman Empire controlled significant parts of Western Asia and North Africa, influencing trade routes between East and West.
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European colonization had a minimal impact on Amerindian populations, with little change to their societies.
European colonization had a minimal impact on Amerindian populations, with little change to their societies.
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The introduction of European diseases resulted in the death of up to 90% of the indigenous population in the Americas.
The introduction of European diseases resulted in the death of up to 90% of the indigenous population in the Americas.
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Tlaxcalans allied with the Spanish to strengthen their position against the Aztecs.
Tlaxcalans allied with the Spanish to strengthen their position against the Aztecs.
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The Ming Dynasty in China was characterized by a lack of advanced technology and a weak bureaucracy.
The Ming Dynasty in China was characterized by a lack of advanced technology and a weak bureaucracy.
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The fall of Constantinople in 1453 opened many trade routes to Europe, allowing greater exploration.
The fall of Constantinople in 1453 opened many trade routes to Europe, allowing greater exploration.
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The Columbian Exchange introduced new crops like maize and tobacco to Afro-Eurasia.
The Columbian Exchange introduced new crops like maize and tobacco to Afro-Eurasia.
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European diseases like smallpox significantly decreased the indigenous population in the Americas.
European diseases like smallpox significantly decreased the indigenous population in the Americas.
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Lutheranism was a result of the Protestant Reformation initiated by Martin Luther's 95 Theses.
Lutheranism was a result of the Protestant Reformation initiated by Martin Luther's 95 Theses.
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The Spanish Empire's expansion was largely due to its efforts in the transatlantic slave trade.
The Spanish Empire's expansion was largely due to its efforts in the transatlantic slave trade.
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The Ottoman Empire expanded into Europe following its capture of Constantinople in 1453.
The Ottoman Empire expanded into Europe following its capture of Constantinople in 1453.
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The rigid social hierarchy in Spanish colonies included Peninsulares and Indigenous peoples at the same level.
The rigid social hierarchy in Spanish colonies included Peninsulares and Indigenous peoples at the same level.
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The English Reformation was a direct result of the Protestant Reformation in Germany.
The English Reformation was a direct result of the Protestant Reformation in Germany.
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African slaves were mainly brought to Europe during the Columbian Exchange.
African slaves were mainly brought to Europe during the Columbian Exchange.
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The transatlantic slave trade was part of an extractive economy based on resources like gold and silver.
The transatlantic slave trade was part of an extractive economy based on resources like gold and silver.
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Doña Marina played a crucial role in helping the Spanish conquer indigenous empires.
Doña Marina played a crucial role in helping the Spanish conquer indigenous empires.
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Calvinism was founded by John Calvin and emphasizes the concept of free will.
Calvinism was founded by John Calvin and emphasizes the concept of free will.
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The English East India Company was involved in the West African slave trade.
The English East India Company was involved in the West African slave trade.
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The Treaty of Tordesillas was an agreement to divide control of the New World between Spain and England.
The Treaty of Tordesillas was an agreement to divide control of the New World between Spain and England.
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The Ottoman Empire's conquest of Constantinople disrupted traditional overland trade routes between Europe and Asia.
The Ottoman Empire's conquest of Constantinople disrupted traditional overland trade routes between Europe and Asia.
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Vasco da Gama successfully navigated a sea route around South America to reach India.
Vasco da Gama successfully navigated a sea route around South America to reach India.
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Christopher Columbus's voyages were primarily funded by Portugal.
Christopher Columbus's voyages were primarily funded by Portugal.
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The Treaty of Tordesillas divided the non-Christian world between France and Spain.
The Treaty of Tordesillas divided the non-Christian world between France and Spain.
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The Columbian Exchange involved the transfer of crops, animals, and diseases between the Old World and New World.
The Columbian Exchange involved the transfer of crops, animals, and diseases between the Old World and New World.
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Smallpox had no impact on indigenous populations following European contact.
Smallpox had no impact on indigenous populations following European contact.
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Martin Luther's 95 Theses sparked the Protestant Reformation.
Martin Luther's 95 Theses sparked the Protestant Reformation.
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The encomienda system was established to provide indigenous peoples with protection and education.
The encomienda system was established to provide indigenous peoples with protection and education.
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Social hierarchies in the Americas placed Peninsulares at the bottom.
Social hierarchies in the Americas placed Peninsulares at the bottom.
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Silver from the Americas played a crucial role in global trade during the early modern period.
Silver from the Americas played a crucial role in global trade during the early modern period.
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The English East India Company was established to minimize European involvement in Asian trade.
The English East India Company was established to minimize European involvement in Asian trade.
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As European nations expanded, their interactions with indigenous peoples were generally peaceful and benign.
As European nations expanded, their interactions with indigenous peoples were generally peaceful and benign.
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Colonial rivalries between Catholics and Protestants led to conflicts such as the Thirty Years' War.
Colonial rivalries between Catholics and Protestants led to conflicts such as the Thirty Years' War.
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Study Notes
1450 Societies and Interactions
- Diverse societies existed in 1450, varying in technological, economic, and political development.
- Europe: Feudalism was declining, Renaissance ideas emerged, and monarchies centralized.
- Ottoman Empire: Powerful empire controlling large territories, influencing trade between East and West.
- China (Ming Dynasty): Prosperous and powerful empire with a sophisticated bureaucracy and advanced technologies.
- Aztec Empire: Centralized empire in Mesoamerica with a strong military.
- Inca Empire: South American empire with advanced engineering and a strong central government.
- West Africa: Societies like Mali were rich from trans-Saharan trade.
- Interaction: Trade routes and conquests connected societies. Ottoman conquests and the fall of Constantinople disrupted trade routes, leading Europeans to seek new routes (Age of Exploration).
European Colonization of the Americas
- European colonization (Spanish and Portuguese) devastated indigenous populations.
- Diseases (smallpox): Significant population decline (estimates of up to 90% death).
- Forced labor (encomienda): Exploitation of indigenous peoples.
- Destruction of native cultures and social systems.
- Responses: Some groups allied with Europeans, others resisted (Inca). Some attempted to maintain cultural practices while adapting to European influence.
The Columbian Exchange
- Transfer of goods, crops, animals, and diseases between Old World and New World.
- Afro-Eurasia: Introduction of maize, potatoes, and tomatoes impacted agriculture, leading to population growth. Livestock (cattle, pigs, horses) were introduced. European diseases (smallpox, measles) caused significant death.
- Americas: Introduction of new diseases (from Europe) decimated indigenous populations. Sugar, tobacco, and cotton became major commodities in global trade. Introduction of African slaves for plantation labor marked the rise of transatlantic slave trade.
Religious Conflict in Europe
- Protestant Reformation (1517): Martin Luther's 95 Theses challenged Catholic Church authority, criticizing indulgences and papal power.
- Spread of Lutheranism and Calvinism: These split the religious monopoly of the Catholic Church.
- Catholic Counter-Reformation: Response to the Reformation aimed at internal reform and reaffirming Catholic doctrine.
- Religious wars (Thirty Years' War, English Reformation).
Social and Political Relationships
- Spanish Colonies: Rigid social hierarchies based on race and birthplace (Peninsulares, Criollos, Mestizos).
- Political relationships: Centralized monarchies (Spain, Portugal) controlling vast overseas empires.
- Sources of conflict: Tensions between colonial elites and indigenous peoples, conflicts between Catholicism and Protestantism, rivalries between European powers for overseas colonies.
Key Terms & Concepts
- Ottoman Conquests: Resulted in blocked overland trade routes, motivating European exploration for new sea routes.
- Spanish/Portuguese Empires: Vast overseas empires. Treaty of Tordesillas divided the New World.
- "New World" vs. "Old World": Americas vs. Europe, Asia, and Africa.
- Columbian Exchange: Widespread exchange of goods, diseases, and peoples.
- Caravel: Fast Portuguese ship important in exploration.
- Transatlantic Slave Trade: Forced transport of African slaves to Americas for plantation labor.
- Conquistadors: Spanish conquerors of the Americas. Hernán Cortés (Aztecs), Francisco Pizarro (Incas).
- Aztec/Inca Empires: Powerful empires conquered by European explorers.
- Columbian Exchange Impact: Transformed agriculture, society, and economies on both sides of the Atlantic.
- Protestant Reformation: Schism within the Catholic Church. Martin Luther, John Calvin, Henry VIII.
- Social Hierarchy: Class system in Spanish colonies (Peninsulares, Criollos, Mestizos).
- Extractive Economy: Focus on extracting resources, such as silver, for export.
- Worldwide Trade: Growing network of global trade routes.
- English East India Company: Example of a British trading company establishing European dominance.
- Silver trade: Central to the global trade system, primarily from the Americas.
Connections & Summary
- Ottoman control of trade routes led to European exploration.
- European empires established colonies in the Americas through the Colombian Exchange.
- Religious conflicts and social hierarchies shaped colonization and international rivalries.
- Global trade (including silver) connected the Americas, Europe, and Asia.
- Transatlantic Slave Trade connected these relationships.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the diverse societies that existed in 1450, including their technological, economic, and political developments. Explore the interactions among powerful empires such as the Ottoman, Ming, Aztec, and Inca, as well as the effects of trade and conquest during this transformative period in history.
