ZOOLOGY REVIEWER.pdf

ZOOLOGY (LECTURE) LESSON 1.1: BIOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES AND THE SCIENCE OF ZOOLOGY Introduction The study of life through Zoology serves as a vital exploration of animal existence and its complexities. This chapter delves into biological principles and the frameworks that define life, emphasizing impo...

ZOOLOGY (LECTURE) LESSON 1.1: BIOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES AND THE SCIENCE OF ZOOLOGY Introduction The study of life through Zoology serves as a vital exploration of animal existence and its complexities. This chapter delves into biological principles and the frameworks that define life, emphasizing important terminologies such as science, the scientific method, and the hierarchical organization of life. The significance of zoology is highlighted through its subdivisions and the exploration of the living world, which relies heavily on scientific inquiry and established principles derived from both physics and chemistry. Key Concepts and Definitions Zoology: The scientific study of animal life. Science: Systematic enterprise that builds and organizes knowledge. Scientific Method: A structured approach to inquiry that includes observation, questioning, and empirical testing. Life: A concept without a simple definition, characterized by attributes such as chemical uniqueness, complexity, and reproduction. Hierarchical Organization: The arrangement of life from subatomic particles to the biosphere, encompassing various levels including macromolecules, cells, organisms, populations, and species. Branches of Zoology Zoology includes subdivisions such as entomology (study of insects), ichthyology (study of fish), and ornithology (study of birds). Each branch focuses on specific taxa, contributing to a broader understanding of animal life and ecological interactions. General Properties of Living Things 1. Chemical Uniqueness: Living organisms exhibit a complex molecular organization, with macromolecules such as nucleic acids, proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids. 2. Complexity and Hierarchical Organization: Life demonstrates a hierarchical structure, where emergent properties arise at different biological levels, from macromolecules to entire ecosystems. 3. Reproduction: Organisms can reproduce at various levels, from molecular (gene replication) to species (new species formation). 4. Genetic Program: DNA encodes genetic information, ensuring fidelity of inheritance and facilitating evolutionary processes. ZOOLOGY (LECTURE) 5. Metabolism: Living systems maintain themselves through metabolic processes, including digestion, energy production, and synthesis of necessary molecules. 6. Development: Organisms undergo characteristic life cycles, with stages from origin to maturity. 7. Environmental Interaction: All animals interact with their environments, demonstrating ecological relationships and responses to stimuli. 8. Movement: Living systems exhibit controlled movements, essential for reproduction, growth, and responding to environmental changes. Scientific Method The Hypothetic-Deductive Method forms the backbone of scientific inquiry: 1. Observation: Gathering data. 2. Question: Identifying a problem or curiosity. 3. Hypothesis Formation: Proposing potential explanations based on observations. 4. Empirical Test: Conducting experiments with control and test groups. 5. Conclusions: Determining whether to accept or reject the hypothesis. 6. Publications: Sharing findings with the scientific community. Real-World Applications The principles of modern zoology, grounded in physics, chemistry, and evolutionary biology, have practical implications in conservation, medicine, and understanding ecological dynamics. For example, studies of species evolution provide insights into biodiversity and ecosystem health. Conclusion The exploration of zoology and its underlying biological principles reveals the intricate tapestry of life, emphasizing the interconnectedness of all living organisms. Understanding these concepts not only enhances our knowledge of the animal kingdom but also informs conservation efforts and ecological stewardship. The scientific method remains a critical tool in advancing our understanding of life's complexities, ensuring that inquiries into the natural world are systematic and evidence-based. The legacy of life, traced back to its common ancestor nearly five billion years ago, continues to shape our understanding of biology today. LESSON 1.2: ZOOLOGY IN PSYCHOLOGY ZOOLOGY (LECTURE) Highlights Definition of Science: Systematic knowledge building. Scientific Method: Steps for experimentation and inquiry. Attributes of Life: Key characteristics distinguishing living organisms. Zoology: Study of animals; includes various subdivisions. Hierarchical Organization: Levels from particles to biosphere. General Properties: Living things exhibit specific traits. Research Example: Light's effect on plant growth. Key Insights 1. Science is empirical and relies on testable hypotheses, which ensures its credibility and progress in understanding the universe. 2. The scientific method provides a structured approach to inquiry, fostering critical thinking and allowing for reproducibility in research. 3. Understanding life attributes is essential for distinguishing living organisms from non-living matter, laying the groundwork for biological studies. 4. Zoology encompasses diverse fields that collectively enhance our understanding of animal life, behavior, and ecology. 5. The hierarchical organization of life illustrates the complexity of biological systems, emphasizing the interdependence among various life forms. 6. General properties of living things are foundational for biological sciences, highlighting the processes necessary for survival and evolution. 7. Practical applications of the scientific method, such as the plant growth experiment, exemplify how inquiry leads to knowledge and understanding in biology. LESSON 2: CHEMISTRY OF LIFE ZOOLOGY (LECTURE) Introduction The chemistry of life is foundational to understanding biological systems and their complex interactions. It explores the subatomic, atomic, molecular, and macromolecular structures that constitute living organisms. Key concepts include the distinction between molecules and compounds, the basic patterns of chemical reactions, and the roles of macromolecules in biological processes. Additionally, this chapter will explore the significance of inorganic versus organic compounds and elaborate on the structures and functions of the four major biomolecules: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Molecules and Compounds Molecule: Formed when two or more like atoms combine chemically. Compound: Created when two or more different atoms combine chemically. Chemical Reactions Chemical Bonds: Atoms are united by these bonds, while they dissociate when bonds break. Patterns of Chemical Reactions: ○ Synthesis Reaction: Combination of atoms/molecules with energy absorption (A + B → AB). ○ Decomposition Reaction: Breakdown of molecules releasing chemical energy (AB → A + B). Synthesis and Decomposition Reactions Dehydration Reaction: Involves the removal of a water molecule to form a new bond, facilitating polymer synthesis. Hydrolysis: The addition of water to break a bond, crucial in the metabolism of macromolecules. Inorganic vs Organic Compounds Inorganic Compounds: Lack carbon, usually simpler (e.g., H₂O, salts). Organic Compounds: Contain carbon and are primarily covalently bonded (e.g., carbohydrates, lipids). Organic Compounds: Biomolecules 1. Carbohydrates: Composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Types: ○ Monosaccharides: Simple sugars (e.g., glucose). ○ Disaccharides: Two monosaccharides (e.g., sucrose). ○ Polysaccharides: Long chains of sugars (e.g., starch, cellulose). Functions in energy storage and structural roles in organisms. 2. Lipids: Made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, with a higher ratio of carbon and hydrogen. Types: ○ Triglycerides: Composed of three fatty acids and glycerol, serving as energy storage. ○ Phospholipids: Essential for cell membranes. ○ Steroids: Include hormones and cholesterol. 3. Proteins: Composed of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. Types of proteins: ○ Enzymes: Facilitate biochemical reactions. ○ Structural Proteins: Provide support (e.g., collagen). ○ Transport Proteins: Carry substances (e.g., hemoglobin). Levels of protein organization: primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures. 4. Nucleic Acids: Serve as the blueprint of life (e.g., DNA and RNA). Composed of nucleotides, which include a nitrogenous base, a sugar, and a phosphate group. Conclusion The chemistry of life underscores the intricate relationships between various biological molecules and their functions. Understanding the structural and functional aspects of biomolecules not only enhances our comprehension of life processes but also informs medical and biotechnological advancements. The distinctions between inorganic and organic compounds further clarify the complex chemical landscape that sustains life. As we deepen our knowledge in this field, we unlock the potential for innovative solutions to biological challenges. ZOOLOGY (LECTURE) Key Takeaways Molecules and compounds form the building blocks of life. Chemical reactions are essential for the synthesis and breakdown of biomolecules, with dehydration and hydrolysis playing crucial roles. The four major classes of biomolecules—carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids—each have unique structures and functions that support life. LESSON 3: UNDERSTANDING THE CELLS Introduction The study of cells is fundamental to biology, encapsulating the organization and functions that underpin all living organisms. Cells are the basic units of life, characterized by their various forms and functions. This chapter delves into cell theory, the distinctions between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, the anatomy and physiology of cells, and the profound implications of cellular processes such as cancer on individuals and society at large. Cell Theory and Historical Context Cell Discovery: Cells were first identified in 1665 by Robert Hooke. Contributors to Cell Theory: ○ Mathias Schleiden (1838) and Theodor Schwann (1839) proposed key tenets of cell theory: All organisms are composed of cells. Cells are the smallest living things. Cells arise only from pre-existing cells. Continuity of Life: Modern cells are descendants of the first living cells, highlighting the continuity of life through cellular division. Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells Prokaryotic Cells: ○ Lack a membrane-bound nucleus. ○ Genetic material is found in a nucleoid. ○ Two types: archaea and bacteria. ZOOLOGY (LECTURE) Eukaryotic Cells: ○ Contain a membrane-bound nucleus. ○ More complex, with compartmentalization of functions via organelles and the endomembrane system. ○ Possess a cytoskeleton that maintains cell structure. Anatomy of the Cell General Structures: ○ Cells consist of three main regions: plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus. Plasma Membrane: ○ Described by the fluid-mosaic model; it acts as a barrier and is composed of a double phospholipid layer with embedded proteins, cholesterol, and glycoproteins. ○ Specialized structures include: Microvilli: Increase surface area for absorption. Membrane Junctions: Include tight junctions, desmosomes, hemidesmosomes, and gap junctions for various cell functions. Cellular Physiology: Membrane Transport Transport Mechanisms: ○ Passive Transport: No energy required (e.g., diffusion, osmosis, facilitated transport). ○ Active Transport: Requires energy to move substances against a concentration gradient (e.g., solute pumping, bulk transport). Selective Permeability: The plasma membrane selectively allows materials to pass, maintaining homeostasis. Cell Cycle and Cell Division Cell Cycle Events: ○ Interphase (G1, S, G2): Cell growth and metabolic processes occur; no division. ○ Mitosis: Cell division for growth and repair, maintaining chromosome number. Stages: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, followed by cytokinesis. Meiosis: ○ Occurs in gamete (sex) cells, reducing chromosome number by half, leading to genetic variability through processes like crossing over and independent assortment. Impact of Cancer Physical and Emotional Effects: ○ Cancer affects patients' physical health, leading to symptoms that can significantly impact daily life. ○ Emotional toll on patients and families can lead to stress, anxiety, and depression. Socioeconomic Implications: ○ The financial burden of cancer treatment can strain families and affect their quality of life. ○ Broader societal implications include healthcare costs and lost productivity. Conclusion The study of cells encompasses their structure and functions, vital for understanding life itself. As we explore cellular processes, especially in the context of diseases like cancer, we gain insight into the profound impacts on individuals and society. The knowledge of cellular mechanisms and their implications is crucial for advancing medical science and improving treatment strategies. Understanding cells not only illuminates the biological foundations of life but also highlights the importance of addressing the challenges posed by diseases at both personal and societal levels.