GenZooLecture1.pdf

BIOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES AND THE SCIENCE OF ZOOLOGY LECTURE 1  OBJECTIVES define zoology as a enumerate the different 01 02 systematic body of characteristics of animals knowledge specify various recognize unique...

BIOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES AND THE SCIENCE OF ZOOLOGY LECTURE 1  OBJECTIVES define zoology as a enumerate the different 01 02 systematic body of characteristics of animals knowledge specify various recognize unique 04 03 subdisciplines in features of some zoology representatives 06 from nine (9) major animal phyla THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE SCIENCE systematic body of knowledge SCIENCE ABSTRACT SOCIAL SCIENCE NATURAL SCIENCE SCIENCE MATHEMATICS SOCIOLOGY POLITICAL SCIENCE BIOLOGICAL PHYSICAL SCIENCE SCIENCE PHYSICS CHEMISTRY BOTANY ZOOLOGY  Make an observation THE SCIENTIFIC Ask a question Try again METHOD From a hypothesis that anwers a process that scientists use to answer the question questions about life and nature Make prediction based on the Starts with an observation of a problem hypothesis which need to be solved that leads to a Do an experiment to test the prediction question. Hypothesis (wild guess) may be proposed Analyze the results and must be tested by carrying out appropriate experiments. If the results Hypothesis is Hypothesis is LEARN MORE SUPPORTED NOT SUPPORTED support the hypothesis, hypothesis is accepted. If results does not support the Report results hypothesis, the hypothesis is rejected. Figure 1. Steps of the Scientific Method  THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD 01 Observation Identifying a problem or phenomenon in the natural world Question/Research 02 Gathering information and existing knowledge related to the observed phenomenon 03 Hypothesis Formulating a clear, testable, and falsifiable proposed explanation  THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD Experimentation 04 Designing and conducting experiments to test the hypothesis, collecting data, and making systematic observations 05 Analysis Analyzing the collected data to draw conclusions Conclusion 06 Summarizing of the findings, represents the outcome whether support or reject the hypothesis  REPORTING SCIENTIFIC WORK Peer-reviewed manuscripts scholarly work that has undergone a formal evaluation process by independent experts in the same field 01 Introduction background information what is known in the field, rationale of the work, research question, and hypothesis. 02 Materials and Methods a complete and accurate description of the substances the researchers use, and the method and techniques they use to gather data.earch question, and hypothesis.  REPORTING SCIENTIFIC WORK Results and Discussion 04 Results, simply narrates the findings without any further interpretation Discussion, interpret the results, describe how variables may be related, and attempt to explain the observations Conclusion 05 summarizes the importance of the experimental findings. CHARACTERISTICS OF ANIMALS PROPERTIES OF LIFE (RECAPITULATION): 1. Chemical uniqueness – living systems demonstrate a unique and complex molecular organization. There are four (4) macromolecules found in living organisms. CARBOHYDRATES source of chemical energy for generating ATP 1. monosaccharides – simple sugar (glucose, fructose, galactose, ribose) 2. disaccharides – combination of monosaccharides by dehydration synthesis (sucrose = glucose + fructose; lactose = glucose + galactose) 3. polysaccharides – tens to hundreds of monosaccharides (glycogen, starch, cellulose) LIPIDS storage of energy 1. fatty acids – synthesize triglycerides and phospholipids or catabolized to generate ATP 2. triglycerides – protection, insulation, energy storage 3. phospholipids – major lipid component of cell membranes 4. steroids – cholesterol (precursor of bile salts, vitamin D, and steroid hormones) 5. eicosanoids – modifying responses to hormones, blood clotting, inflammation, immunity) 6. other lipids – vitamin E, carotenes, vitamin K, lipoproteins  PROTEINS serve as antibodies, enzymes, hormones, and responsible for the structure of body tissues 1. structural – framework of various body parts (collagen, keratin) 2. regulatory – hormones that regulate various physiological processes; act as neurotransmitter (insulin, substance P) 3. contractile – allow shortening of muscle cells, which produces movement (myosin, actin) 4. immunological – protect body against foreign substances and invading pathogens (antibodies, interleukins) 5. transport – carry vital substances throughout body (hemoglobin) 6. catalytic – enzymes that regulate biochemical reactions (ATPase, sucrase) NUCLEIC ACIDS Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) forms the inherited genetic material inside each human cell Ribonucleic acid (RNA) relays instructions from genes to guide each cell’s synthesis of proteins from amino acids  PROPERTIES OF LIFE (RECAPITULATION): 2. Complexity and hierarchical organization – living organisms are highly organized structures consisting of cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems. PROPERTIES OF LIFE (RECAPITULATION): 3. Reproduction – all organisms capable of reproducing, and they all possess hereditary molecules that are passed to their offspring, ensuring that the offspring are of the same species. PROPERTIES OF LIFE (RECAPITULATION): 4. Possession of genetic program – genetic program provides fidelity of inheritance 5. Metabolism – living organisms maintain themselves by acquiring nutrients from their environments. Metabolic processes include: digestion, energy production (respiration) and synthesis of required molecules and structures by organisms PROPERTIES OF LIFE (RECAPITULATION): 6. Development – all organisms pass through a characteristic life cycle. Development describes the characteristic changes that an organism undergoes from its origin to its final adult form. PROPERTIES OF LIFE (RECAPITULATION): 7. Environmental interaction and sensitivity – organisms respond to diverse stimuli. Movement toward a stimulus is considered a positive response, while movement away from a stimulus is considered a negative response. Taxis – movement of an organism in response to a stimulus: Thermotaxis – temperature Phototaxis – light Electrotaxis – electric current Chemotaxis – chemicals Barotaxis – pressure Anemotaxis – wind Gravitaxis – gravity Thigmotaxis – physical contact Hydrotaxis – moisture Magnetotaxis – magnetic field PROPERTIES OF LIFE (RECAPITULATION): 8. Movement – living systems and their parts show precise and controlled movements arising from within the system. Movements are required for reproduction, responses to stimuli, growth, and development  CHARACTERISTICS OF ANIMALS: 1. Unicellular/multicellular – made up of single or many cells 2. Eukaryotes – cells contain membrane-enclosed nuclei 3. Heterotrophs – not capable of manufacturing their own food and must rely on extreme food sources 4. Cell structure – cells lack cell walls and photosynthetic organelles 5. Reproduction – reproduce sexually/asexually 6. Movement – capable BRANCHES OF 1. Anatomy – structure of entire organisms and their parts 2. Cytology – structures and functions of cells. 3. Ecology – interaction of organisms with their environment 4. Embryology – development of an animal from fertilized egg to birth or hatching 5. Genetics – mechanisms of transmission of traits from parents to offspring 6. Histology – structure, location and function of different tissues. 7. Physiology – function of organisms and their parts 8. Parasitology – animals that live in or on other organisms at the expense of the host 9. Systematics – classification of, and the evolutionary interrelationships among animal groups 10. Taxonomy – identification and nomenclature of living organisms 11. Ethology – animal behaviors 12. Paleontology – fossils 13. Endocrinology – structure and function of Endocrine System 14. Entomology – insects 15. Herpetology – amphibian and reptiles 16. Ichthyology – fishes 17. Mammalogy – mammals 18. Ornithology – birds 19. Protozoology – protozoa 20. Helminthology – worms 21. Malacology – molluscs 22. Conchology – molluscan shells ZOOLOGY: EVOLUTIONARY PERSPECTIVE Animals share a common evolutionary past and evolutionary forces that influenced their history. ORGANIC EVOLUTION change in the genetic make-up of populations of organisms over time explains how the diversity of animal structure and function arose explains family elationships within the animal kingdom ZOOLOGY: ECOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE Animals share common environments, and ecological principles help us to understand how animals interact within those environments ECOLOGY oikos – house; logos – study study of the relationships between organisms and their environment NINE (9) MAJOR ANIMAL PHYLA PHYLUM PORIFERA mostly marine, some freshwater; sessile; asymmetrical; no true tissues (no mouth, no digestive cavity, no muscles, no nervous system); has epithelial, collar, and amoeboid cells; reproduce sexual and asexually; most are hermaphrodites; endoskeleton has spicules of calcium carbonate or silica; serve as food and shelter for many organisms. PHYLUM CNIDARIA radial symmetry; has two layers of tissue (endoderm and ectoderm with a jellylike mesoglea layer in between); has specialized nerve, muscle, digestive, and reproductive tissue; has tentacles with nematocysts; most have two (2) life cycle stages – polyp (asexual) and medusa (sexual).  PHYLUM PLATYHELMINTHES bilateral symmetry; has three layers of tissue but acoelomates; unsegmented; no circulatory or respiratory systems; with degree of cephalization and hydrostatic skeleton; mainly parasites PHYLUM NEMATODA soil and aquatic; has three cell layers but pseudocoelomates; unsegmented; no circulatory or respiratory systems; with separate mouth and anus; with hydrostatic skeleton; scavengers or parasites.  PHYLUM ANNELIDA terrestrial, marine, freshwater; has three cell layers and coelomates; segmented; complete circulatory and digestive systems; with hydrostatic skeleton; some are hermaphrodites; some have parapodia and/or setae.  PHYLUM MOLLUSCA bilateral symmetry; most are marine and live freely; some swim, some creep slowly, some are terrestrial; has three cell layers and coelomates; body plan contains a foot (muscular, used for motion), mantle (covers gills and secretes shell), and visceral mass (contains organs); varying degrees of cephalization; has radula used for scraping and boring. PHYLUM ECHINODERMATA spiny-skinned animals; larvae are bilaterally symmetrical; adults are radial; has digestive and circulatory systems, but no respiratory or excretory systems; has three cell layers and coelomates endoskeleton; sexual reproduction; move using “hydraulics”; no head – no cephalization; PHYLUM ARTHROPODA dominate numbers of individuals and numbers of species; variable shapes and sizes; segmented body with jointed appendages; complex sensory systems, some with antennae; aquatic and terrestrial; has digestive, excretory, and (open) circulatory systems; has three cell layers and reduced coelomates; exoskeleton – molting. PHYLUM CHORDATA with nerve cord; notochord (may be replaced by vertebral column); has pharyngeal slits (pharyngeal pouches present in all vertebrate embryos); has post-anal tail. THANK YOU