ZOOLOGY - NOTES.pdf

BRANCHES OF ZOOLOGY 39. Neurology ZOOLOGY – WHAT IS LIFE? 40. Sarcology PURE ZOOLOGY OTHER BRANCHES /Myology Characteristics of Living Organisms 1. Morphology...

BRANCHES OF ZOOLOGY 39. Neurology ZOOLOGY – WHAT IS LIFE? 40. Sarcology PURE ZOOLOGY OTHER BRANCHES /Myology Characteristics of Living Organisms 1. Morphology 1. Endocrinology 41. Haematology 2. Anatomy 2. Enzymology Living things: 42. Odontology 3. Cytology 3. Osteology 43. Karyology 1. Maintain order 4. Histology 4. Limnology 44. Syndesmology 2. Metabolize food 5. Physiology 5. Toxicology 45. Angiology 3. Move 6. Embryology 6. Ethology 46. Nephrology 4. React to the environment 7. Pathology 7. Tectology 47. Ontogeny 8. Genetics 8. Trophology 5. Reproduce 48. Phylogeny 6. Grow and develop 9. Ecology 9. Ctelology 49. Gynaecology 10. Paleontology 10. Exobiology 7. Pass genetic traits to offspring 50. Dermatology 11. Zoogeography 11. Icthyology 8. Evolve 51. Chondrology 12. Evolution 12. Herpetology 52. Cardiology 9. Adapt 13. Taxonomy 13. Ornithology 53. Mastology 14. Biometry 14. Mammalogy Life Property 54. Oto-Laryngology Characteristics 15. Animal Behavior 15. Anthropology 55. Phrenology 16. Biochemistry 16. Malacology Order Each structure or activity lies in a 56. Rhinology specific relationship to all other 17. Conchology 57. Splanchnology APPLIED ZOOLOGY 18. Ophiology structures and activities. 58. Genecology 1. Fishery 19. Aerobiology Metabolism Organized chemical steps break 59. Urology 2. Apiculture 20. Serology down and build up molecules, 60. Gerontology 3. Sericulture 21. Carcinology making energy available or 61. Tricology 4. Lac Culture 22. Immunology building needed parts. 62. Kalology 5. Dairy Farm 23. Molecular Biology Motility Using their own power, organisms 63. Arthrology 6. Poultry Farm 24. Radiobiology move themselves or their body 64. Carcinomatology 7. Animal 25. Cnidology parts. 65. Sphygmology Husbandry 26. Cryobiology Responsiveness Organisms perceive the 66. Vet. Science 8. Entomology 27. Malariology environment and react to it. 67. Biometry 9. Parasitology 28. Parazoology Reproduction Organisms give rise to others of 68. Biochemistry 10. Pearl Culture. 29. Bryology the same type. 69. Psychology. 30. Acrology Zoology Development Ordered sequences of progressive SPECIAL ZOOLOGY 31. Myrmecology 70. Biophysics changes result in an individual 11. Protozoology 32. Lepidopterilogy. 71. Medical Science acquiring increased complexity. 12. Microbiology 33. Torpedology 72. Environmental Heredity Organisms have units of 13. Helminthology 34. Saurology inheritance called genes that are 14. Marine Zoology 35. Serpentology passed from parent to offspring 15. Wildlife Science 36. Teratology and control physical, chemical, and 37. Organology behavioral traits. 38. Craniology Evolution Populations of organisms change  over time, acquiring new ways to Organ System – A group of body parts that E. Responsiveness survive, to obtain and use energy, carries out a particular function in an The ability to respond to changes in the and to reproduce. organism. environment involving temperature, food, Adaptations Specific structures, behaviors, and Organ – A structure consisting of tissues that water, enemies, mates or other elements. abilities suit life-forms to their perform a special function. environment. Life Characteristics Relating to Reproduction Tissue – A group of similar cells that carry out a particular function A. Reproduction You will read about six recurring themes as we A way for an organism to produce other Explore Life: individuals of the same type. o Asexual reproduction – Single 1. Energy parent produces identical 2. Reproduction offspring. 3. Evolution o Sexual reproduction – Two parents 4. Environment produce very similar, but not 5. How Biologists Study Life identical offspring. 6. Biology Can Help Solve World Problems Life Characteristics Relating to Energy A. Hierarchy of Order Life possesses a degree of order or structural and behavioral complexity and regularity far greater than the most complex machine. An organism is an individual, independent Cell – The simplest entity that has all the living entity. properties of life. They have an order that is readily apparent at Organelle – A structure within a cell that several levels. performs a special function. Molecule – A cluster of atoms held together by chemical bonds. B. Order Structural and behavioral complexity and regularity. C. Metabolism Energy taken from environment (food or sunlight) to use for growth, repair, and maintenance of the organism. D. Motility Self-propelled movement. B. Development o A genus name followed by species The growth in size and complexity of a name new organism. C. Heredity Transmission of genes from parents to offspring. Genes are hereditary factors that control an organism’s form and function. Life Characteristics Relating to Evolution A. Evolution A change or variation in the genes of a population over time. Life changes over time. If one traced life back to its first Unity and diversity in life beginnings on Earth, all organisms would o Unity – All life developed from a eventually share a common ancestor in common ancestor. the distant past. The classification scheme o Diversity – Evolution provides the key B. Classification of Living Things 1. Domains to diversity. The process of evolution results in a great 2. Kingdoms o Life is both unified and diverse. diversity of life. 3. Phyla (divisions) E. Adaptations Biologists have created a system of 4. Classes Help an organism adapt to its own special classification to help us understand the 5. Orders way of life. more than 50 million groups of individuals 6. Families Specializations help organisms to live in on earth. 7. Genera practically every part of the planet. C. Species 8. Species White foxes are well adapted to living in A group of individuals with similar There are 3 domains: the arctic and snow-covered terrain. structures that descended from the same o Bacteria – contains a variety of Brown foxes are well adapted to live in initial group. prokaryotic species. woods and forests. A species has the potential to breed with o Archaea – prokaryotic species that Some adaptations relate to taking in one another. often inhabit harsh environments. energy and materials while others D. Genus o Eukarya – larger, more complex improve an organism’s ability to grow, Contains several related and similar eukaryotic cells containing four reproduce and move. species. kingdoms (Plantae, Animalia, Fungi Adaptations usually arise by natural A genus contains two names: and Protista). selection, which is a “weeding out” o Ex. Felis catus – a house cat process that depends upon hereditary  differences in their ability to reproduce and to obtain energy. In 1859 Charles Darwin published “On the Origin of Species” and coined the term natural selection. Natural selection – Nature selects the individuals with the most suitable variations to survive so that a new generation can be born. Life Characteristics Relating to Environment A. Ecology A branch of biology that studies the relationships between living organisms and their environment. B. Populations Biology Can Help Solve World Problem Organisms who live in the same area and actively interbreed with one another. Biological advances can help society find C. Communities solutions for: All the populations who live in a particular ▪ Over-population area, including plants, animals, and other ▪ Famine ̶Disease organisms. ▪ Ozone Depletion D. Ecosystem ▪ Loss of Species The living communities together with its ▪ Life on other planets nonliving physical surroundings. E. Biosphere All of the ecosystems of the Earth. How Biologists Study Life – Steps in the scientific method 1. Identify a problem 2. Propose a hypothesis 3. Make a prediction 4. Test the prediction 5. Draw a conclusion