Zoology IIS2024 History of life and animal evolution PDF

Zoology IIS2024 History of life and animal evolution Diego Tirira PhD Esta presentación está protegida por una licencia: Licencia Este presentación está protegida por una licencia Creative Com...

Zoology IIS2024 History of life and animal evolution Diego Tirira PhD Esta presentación está protegida por una licencia: Licencia Este presentación está protegida por una licencia Creative Commons CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/deed.es Usted es libre de: Compartir (copiar y redistribuir el material en cualquier medio o formato) y adaptar (remezclar, transformar y construir a partir del material), bajo los siguientes términos: Atribución: Usted debe dar crédito de manera adecuada. Puede hacerlo en cualquier forma razonable, pero no de forma tal que sugiera que usted o su uso tienen el apoyo del licenciante. No Comercial: Usted no puede hacer uso del material con propósitos comerciales. Compartir Igual: Si remezcla, transforma o crea a partir del material, debe distribuir su contribución bajo la misma licencia del original. No hay restricciones adicionales. El licenciante no puede revocar estas libertades en tanto usted siga los términos de la licencia.  Phylogeny Phylogenetic tree Futuyma & Kirkpatrick (2017)  Monophyletic group Phylogenetic tree Derived groups Basal group Most The set of species that Futuyma and Kirkpatrick (2019) recent common have descended from a ancestor common ancestor is called a monophyletic group or clade.  Monophyletic group Phylogenetic tree Derived groups Basal group Outgroups Most Futuyma and Kirkpatrick (2019) recent Outgroups, species more common ancestor distantly related to the members of a certain clade than species within the clade are to each other. Outgroups help us determine the Phylogenetic analysis Phylogenetic relationships can be difficult to determine. To explain these relationships is required data on many characteristics: External and internal anatomical characteristics. DNA differences among species. Ecological, ethological, among others. Synapomorphic characteristics that distinguish. Phylogenetic analysis Synapomorphic: Common characteristics that can be distinguish from others Futuyma and Kirkpatrick (2019) Mammals Most recent common ancestor Phylogenetic analysis But, phylogenetic analysis could be wrong. Futuyma and Kirkpatrick (2019) Phylogenetic analysis A variety of methods are used to estimate phylogenies. The simplest is parsimony, a rule that chooses whichever phylogenetic tree requires the fewest evolutionary changes. It follows a simple rule of choosing the tree that minimizes the number of additional character transformations. A principle that states that other things being equal, the simplest hypothesis is usually the correct one. Phylogenetic analysis Phylogenies are useful for inferring histories of genes and other historical changes, such as in human cultures and languages. An important use of phylogenies is tracing the history of evolution of characteristics, through ancestral state reconstruction. This approach has been used to understand how the DNA sequences (genes) have evolved. Phylogenetic analysis In modern systematics, classification of organisms is based on phylogenetic analysis. In an ideal classification, each taxon must monophyletic (that include all the species descendants of a single common ancestor). Gatesy et al. (2013) Gatesy et al. (2013)  Reptilia Classification Admitted Paraphyletic groups Wikipedia  Phylogenetic tree Paraphyletic groups Cryptic species Different common ancestors No admitted Ruiz García et al. (2022) Phylogenetic analysis Main reasons a phylogeny could be wrong are: The repeated, independent evolution of a character (base pair or other character state by convergent, parallel, or reversed evolution). Yet another difficulty is introgression caused by hybridization (or horizontal gene transfer). Incorrect feature analysis, insufficient samples. History of life and animal evolution History of life Traces the processes by which living organisms (present and fossil) evolved from the earliest emergence of life to present day. Earth formed about 4,500 million years ago (Mya). Evidence suggests that life emerged prior to 3,700 Mya (although there is some evidence of life as early as 4,100 to 4,280 Mya). Wikipedia  Cosmos Wikipedia Carl Sagan The cosmic calendar 1 month = 1,250,000,000 years Origen of the Universe 15,000,000,000 years Origen of our galaxy 13,000,000,000 years Life on Earth = 3,700,000,000 years Origin of sex = Wikipedia 1,300,000,000 years (first multicellular life) The cosmic calendar 1 day = 41,000,000 years Oxygen atmosphere 1,200,000,000 years First land plants = 500,000,000 years First trees and reptiles = 370,000,000 years First dinosaurs = Wikipedia 280,000,000 years The cosmic calendar 1 hour = 1,700,000 years Dinosaurs extinction 65,000,000 years First primates = 55,000,000 years Humane evolution = 340,000 years Wikipedia The cosmic calendar 1 minute = 28,000 years Early Homo sapiens 280,000 years All of human history 10,000 years (21 seconds) The life of an average person 75 years (1,5 decisecond) Wikipedia The History of Life Evidence from living organisms indicates that all living beings are descended from a single common ancestor. Some progress has been made in understanding the origin of life, but a great deal remains unknown. The first fossil evidence of life dates from about 3,700 Mya, that is 800 million years after the formation of Earth. The History of Life The first life forms for which there is evidence are prokaryotic cells. Eukaryotes evolved about 1,800 Mya. Life began in the sea. First animals Precambrian (Proterozoico eon) (750 Mya). Proterozoic (from proteros = earlier; zôon = living being). Caveasphaera: not easily defined as an animal or non-animal. This animal-like development arose much earlier than the oldest clearly defined animal fossils. https://www.focus.it/scienza/ First animals Studies suggested that animal evolution may have begun about 750 Mya. Porifera (Sponges): 580 Mya (confirmed). 750 Mya (suspected). Diego Tirira Early Cambrian 600 Mya Wikipedia Middle Ordovician 470 Mya Wikipedia Silurian 430 Mya Wikipedia Late Devonian 370 Mya Wikipedia Late Carboniferous 310 Mya Wikipedia Late Triassic 210 Mya Wikipedia Late Jurassic 155 Mya Wikipedia Late Cretaceous 70 Mya Wikipedia Eocene 50 Mya Wikipedia Holocene Actual time Wikipedia Early Cambrian 600 Mya Wikipedia  Frond-shaped = Ediacaran biota fern-like Composed by enigmatic tubular and frond-shaped, mostly sessile organisms. Trace fossils (635–539 Mya) of these organisms have been found worldwide. https://i.pinimg.com/.jpg Represent the earliest known complex multicellular organisms. Cambrian explosion Cambrian explosion, Cambrian diversification, Cambrian radiation or the “Biological Big Bang”. The fossil record displays an explosive diversification of the animal phyla near 540 Mya (the beginning of the Cambrian period). It lasted for about 13–40 My. Wikipedia Cambrian explosion Basic patterns and morphologies observed were the basis of modern animals. The rates of physical and genetic modification of many animals were 4 and 5.5 times faster. An evolutionary process that would take 150 My, took only 30 My. Wikipedia Cambrian explosion The event was accompanied by major diversification in other groups as well. Actually are known 20 metazoan phyla. At least 11 first appeared in the Cambrian explosion. Wikipedia Cambrian explosion Of the rest, fossil evidence have confirmed that one is Precambrian (Porifera) and the other 8 appeared more recently. However, molecular evidence suggests that at least 6 of the phyla already existed during the Precambrian. Wikipedia  What caused the Cambrian explosion? Ecological causes: Geologic causes: Genetic causes: Emergence of predator- High concentration Variations in the prey relationships: lead of atmospheric spatial and to a diversity of oxygen: support temporal evolutionary more active expression of Hox adaptations (various metabolism required genes within kinds of protective shells for the feeding and developing and diverse modes of other activities of embryos. locomotion). mobile animals. Increase in nutrients in Wikipedia shallow marine waters. Evolution of animal diversity Cnidarians Include anemones, jellyfish, coral. Fossil cnidarians have been found in rocks Anemone formed about 580 Mya. Diego Tirira (all) Coral Jellyfish Cnidarians However, molecular clock analysis of mitochondrial genes suggests a much Anemone older age (estimated in 741 Mya). That is 200 Mya Diego Tirira (all) before the Cambrian period as well as any fossils. Coral Jellyfish Mollusks Include snails, shells, octopus, squids, nautilus, slugs. There is good evidence for the appearance of mollusks in the Cambrian period Snails (541–485 Mya). Nautilus represent the only living members Diego Tirira (all) and are often considered “living fossils”. Nautilus Shells Annelids Alfredo Redondo Include earthworms, leeches, ragworms. Since annelids are soft-bodied, Earthworms (lombriz de tierra) their fossils are rare. The oldest known fossil that is identified with confidence comes from about 518 million years ago in Oscar Méndez the early Cambrian period. Leeches (sanguijuelas) Arthropods Include insects, spiders, scorpions, crabs, lobsters… Largest group of animals. Small arthropods with bivalve-like shells have been found in Early Cambrian (541 to 539 Mya). Trilobites form one of the earliest- Wikipedia known groups of arthropods. They are extinct marine arthropods. Trilobite Arthropods (trilobites) 22,000 described species. An extinct group (known only by fossil Wikipedia records). This is one of the earliest known groups of arthropods (evolved 600 Mya). The earliest trilobite fossils are about 530 Mya, but the class was already quite diverse and worldwide, suggesting that they were around for quite some time. It was found mainly in Cambrian period (520 Mya). Arthropods (trilobites) Trilobites were among the most successful of all early animals, existing in oceans for almost 270 Mya. https://evolution.berkeley.edu/ The last extant trilobites finally disappeared in the mass extinction at the end of the Permian (252 Mya). Arthropods (Chelicerata) Horseshoe crabs (cangrejos herradura). They appeared 475 Mya and have evolved very little since then. There are only four living species (considered living fossils). They are marine water arthropods. Wikipedia Echinoderms Include starfish, brittle stars, sea Stella Spinoza urchins, sand dollars, and sea cucumbers. Starfish (estrella de mar) The first universally accepted echinoderms appear in the Lower Cambrian period (500 Mya). Conexion Cinvestav However, there are some oldest fossils that are candidates from the Precambrian. Sea cucumbers (pepino de mar)  Ascidias Chordata (chordates) www.coursehero.com Fossil evidence www.differencebetween.com suggests that most vertebrate diversity originated in the Cambrian explosion 540 Mya. Wikipedia Wikipedia  Chordata (vertebrates) Classification of vertebrates: Wikipedia Jawless fish Cartilaginous fish Vertebrata Bony fish Coelacanths Lungfish Amphibians Mammals Reptiles Birds Middle Ordovician 470 Mya Wikipedia First terrestrial animals First terrestrial forms appear in the Silurian period (< 440 Mya). They were amphibian forms, and... Other similar to myriapods (a kind of Arthropod). At this time begins to be vegetation around the very water while the soil was not Wikipedia yet supported by the vegetation. Eurypterida Silurian 430 Mya Wikipedia First vertebrates At the same time (in Silurian period, approx. 420 Mya), in the sea appear: Placoderms (a prehistoric clade of fish), Primitive sharks, And other cartilaginous fishes. Wikipedia Placoderm  https://animalesenpeligro19.wordpress.com/ Chordata (vertebrates) They are named for the vertebral column composed of a series of bony vertebrae joined together as a backbone. Oldest vertebrate fossil evidence in Devonian Michael Benton (2005) period (350 Mya). Placoderms Placoderms were: First jawed fish. First fish to develop pelvic fins (the precursor to hindlimbs in tetrapods). First vertebrate to develop true teeth. Wikipedia Placoderm First terrestrial vertebrates Vertebrates first colonized the earth about 400 Mya. The first tetrapods (precursors to amphibians, reptiles, mammals, dinosaurs, and birds) originated from lobe- finned fish (Sarcopterygians). Tetrapods also shared an common ancestor with the lungfish. Wikipedia Wikipedia Late Devonian 370 Mya Wikipedia Lungfish (living fossils) Clade Sarcopterygii. Living in freshwaters in Africa, Australia, and South America. They retain ancestral characteristics, including the ability to breathe air and the presence of lobed fins with a well-developed internal skeleton. Lungfish represent the closest living relatives of the tetrapods. Wikipedia  Fossil coelacanth Coelacanths (410 Mya) They are more closely related to lungfish and tetrapods (amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals) than to ray- FD finned fish. Living fossils. IUCN Red List Takashi Sugiyama Current coelacanth Rediscovered in 1938 Living fossils Class Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fish; 900+ spp.) Class Osteichthyes (bony fish; 30,000+ spp.) Subclass Actinopterygii (ray-finned fish; about 30,000 spp.) Subclass Sarcopterygii (lobe-finned fish: 8 spp.) Wikipedia Michael Benton (2005) First amphibians Amphibians evolved from fish. Tiktaalik (385 Mya) seems to be an intermediate form between fishes and tetrapods. Colonize the terrestrial environment represented a significant change in body plan suited to organisms that respired and swam in water, to organisms that breathed air and moved onto land. Wikipedia First amphibians Acanthostega (365 Mya) is considered the first “amphibian” ever. It lived in a shallow water. Fossils show that it had gills similar to fishes. However, it also had four limbs, with the skeletal structure of limbs found in present-day tetrapods. The early tetrapods that moved onto land had access to new nutrient sources and relatively few predators. This was the beginning of the Wikipedia "Age of the Amphibians." Amniota (amniotes) Amniotes evolved from an amphibian ancestor, approx. 340 Mya. The early amniotes diverged into two main lines soon after the first amniotes arose. The initial split was into synapsids and sauropsids. Wikipedia Amniotes Wikipedia Late Carboniferous 310 Mya Wikipedia First pre-mammals The evolution of mammals Archaeothyris, one of the oldest synapsids found passed through many stages since the first appearance of their ancestors, the Synapsid, in the late Carboniferous period (approx. 315 Mya). Wikipedia First reptiles Reptiles originated approximately 300 Mya. One of the oldest-known amniotes Hylonomus is Casineria, which had both amphibian and reptilian characteristics. One of the earliest undisputed reptiles is Hylonomus. Wikipedia (both) Casineria First reptiles Nicole Wagner First reptiles The Permian period also saw a second major divergence of diapsid reptiles into archosaurs (predecessors of crocodilians, dinosaurs, pterosaurs) and lepidosaurs (predecessors of snakes and lizards). Wikipedia  Reptilia Classification Wikipedia  Pangea (200 Mya) First reptiles These first reptiles remained Wikipedia inconspicuous until the archosaurs became the dominant terrestrial group due to the extinction of large- bodied anapsids and synapsids during the Permian-Triassic extinction (250 Mya). That was the beginning of the great diversification that archosaurs had. Including dinosaurs and pterosaurs (extinct flying reptiles). Synapsids: mammal line The History of Life The most devastating mass extinction of all time occurred at the https://evolution.berkeley.edu/ end of the Permian (about 252 Mya). It profoundly altered the taxonomic composition of Earth’s terrestrial biota (amphibians and reptiles). Late Triassic 210 Mya Wikipedia First dinosaurs Dinosaurs dominated the Mesozoic Era (251–66 Mya): the “Age of Reptiles.” The dinosaurs were a diverse group of terrestrial reptiles with more than 1000 species identified to date. Paleontologists continue to discover new species of dinosaurs. First dinosaurs were quadrupeds; Diego Tirira later appeared the bipeds species.  https://articulo.mercadolibre.com.mx First flying vertebrates Pterosaurs, although sometimes are called dinosaurs, are distinct to them. They evolved in the Jurassic (150 Mya). Their wings were formed by membranes of skin that attached to the long, fourth finger of each arm and extended along the body to the legs.  https://articulo.mercadolibre.com.mx First flying vertebrates Pterosaurs had a number of adaptations that allowed for flight, including hollow bones (birds also exhibit hollow bones, a case of convergent evolution, but they were not ancestral to birds). Different lineages of dinosaurs give origin to modern birds in the late Cretaceous (100 Mya). First reptiles Nicole Wagner First pre-mammals Nicole Wagner First pre-mammals The early non-mammalian synapsids were divided into two groups: the pelycosaurs and the therapsids. Wikipedia First mammals The causes of this rapid diversification of first synapsids and mass extinction are debated, but may include a combination of genetic and ecological events. Early seed plants: 255 Mya. Early mammals evolved 200 Mya, at a time that Boundless Biology Earth was dominated by dinosaurs. Late Jurassic 155 Mya Wikipedia First mammals Wikipedia The lineage leading to today's mammals split in the Jurassic https://prehistopedia.fandom.com/wiki/Dryolestes (approx. 167 Mya). Dryolestes Ambondro Synapsids from this period include: Ambondro (related to monotremes). Dryolestes (related to extant placentals and marsupials). Late Cretaceous 70 Mya Wikipedia Dinosaurs extinction Diego Tirira In the latest mass extinction (66 Mya), 75% of plant and animal species on Earth, including all non-avian dinosaurs, were extinct. That occurred over a geologically-short period of time. Eocene 50 Mya Wikipedia Mammals radiation After the extinction of the dinosaurs (66 Mya), various groups of mammals diverged into many new FD forms and occupied many ecological niches. They are the ancestors of modern mammalian orders. Carlos E. Boada The History of Life Pleistocene: A series of glacial and interglacial episodes occurred during the Pleistocene (the last 2.6 My), during which some www.archaeologs.com/w/pleistocene/en extinctions occurred and the distributions of species were greatly altered. Ends 11,700 years ago. Holocene Actual time Wikipedia The History of Life Holocene: It began approximately 11,650 years ago after the www.pinterest.com/pin/7740630579860051/ Last Glacial Period. The Holocene corresponds with the rapid proliferation, growth and impacts of the human species worldwide. The History of Life Anthropocene: This is a proposed geological epoch dating from the beginning of significant human impact on Earth's geology and ecosystems, including, but not limited to, climate change. Various start dates for the Anthropocene have been proposed, ranging from the beginning of the Agricultural Revolution to as recently as the 1960s. Not officially accepted. Diego Tirira