Lecture 1_2021 Biology PDF

Chapter 31: Animals Lecture 1: Characteristics and phylogeny Russell, Biology: The Dynamic Science, 5th edition. © 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Copyright Res...

Chapter 31: Animals Lecture 1: Characteristics and phylogeny Russell, Biology: The Dynamic Science, 5th edition. © 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Copyright Reserved: Slides prepared by Prof. C. Simon Prac 2: identifying animals Instructions and form for completion available on SUNLearn. Please watch the prepac ppt for instructions & look at the examples provided in preprac AND loaded to SUNLearn. PLEASE gather all classification information for all examples BEFORE you start the form, as you can’t save responses halfway and return to complete later. Russell, Biology: The Dynamic Science, 5th edition. © 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Copyright Reserved: Slides prepared by Prof. C. Simon Why It Matters… (i.e., why is it important to learn about Animal Diversity) The importance of protecting our biodiversity: https://youtu.be/GK_vRtHJZu4 “We cannot protect organisms that are not known, and which consequently remain unidentified and uncharacterised” Smith et al. 2008 Why know the names? “If we do not know the names of things, the knowledge of them is lost” Russell, Biology: The Dynamic Science, 5th edition. © 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Copyright Reserved: Slides prepared by Prof. C. Simon Why It Matters… Most lineages alive today first appeared during the Cambrian explosion 530 – 520 mya Nearly 2 million living species described in the kingdom Animalia Most are invertebrates Only ~67,000 are vertebrates The evolutionary diversification of animals resulted from their ability to eat and, the ability of most move Russell, Biology: The Dynamic Science, 5th edition. © 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Copyright Reserved: Slides prepared by Prof. C. Simon 31.1 What Is an Animal? (And why are there so many species?) Multicellular organisms Cells are eukaryotic without cell walls Specialized tissues and organ systems deliver nutrients and oxygen to cells and carry wastes away in larger animals Heterotrophic – they eat other organisms for energy and nutrients Animals metabolise food through biochemical pathways that use oxygen (aerobic respiration) Russell, Biology: The Dynamic Science, 5th edition. © 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Copyright Reserved: Slides prepared by Prof. C. Simon What Is an Animal? (And why are there so many species?) Mobile at some time in their lives – sometimes only the young move and adults are sessile or sedentary Many advantages to moving Animals can move if they have Organs of locomotion (fins, legs, wings) and https://www2.clarku.edu/departments/biology/biol201/2004/ckammererburnha Sensory and nervous systems that allow m/questions.htm them to receive, process, and respond to information Russell, Biology: The Dynamic Science, 5th edition. © 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Copyright Reserved: Slides prepared by Prof. C. Simon What Is an Animal? (And why are there so many species?) Asexual reproduction by budding Sexual reproduction with eggs and sperm https://www2.clarku.edu/departments/biology/biol201/2004/ckammererburnha m/questions.htm Russell, Biology: The Dynamic Science, 5th edition. © 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Copyright Reserved: Slides prepared by Prof. C. Simon STUDY BREAK 31.1 1. What characteristics distinguish animals from plants and fungi? 2. How does the ability of animals to move through the environment relate to their acquisition of nutrients and energy? Russell, Biology: The Dynamic Science, 5th edition. © 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Copyright Reserved: Slides prepared by Prof. C. Simon Animal Origins Russell, Biology: The Dynamic Science, 5th edition. © 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Copyright Reserved: Slides prepared by Prof. C. Simon 31.2 Key Innovations in Chordates Hemichordates Arthropods Animal Evolution Annelids Key morphological innovations used to develop hypotheses about Brachiopods Bryozoans Molluscs evolutionary relationships among Echinoderms major animal groups: Nematodes Tissue structure Nemerteans Rotifers Gastrotrichs Body symmetry Flatworms Ctenophores Body cavities Cnidarians Developmental patterns Metazoan ancestor Sponges Segmentation Choanoflagellate From Barnes, 1980 ancestor Russell, Biology: The Dynamic Science, 5th edition. © 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be Animal tree from the 1980s scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Copyright Reserved: Slides prepared by Prof. C. Simon Tissues and Tissue Layers Tissues (groups of cells with a common structure and function) divide animals into two branches: Sponges (Parazoa) don’t have tissues All other animals (Eumetazoa) have tissues Formed during embryonic development → primary cell layers Russell, Biology: The Dynamic Science, 5th edition. © 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Copyright Reserved: Slides prepared by Prof. C. Simon Tissues & tissue layers: Primary Cell Layers Endoderm, innermost layer, Diploblastic animals → lining of the gut and, in some animals, respiratory Triploblastic animals organs Ectoderm, outermost layer, → outer covering and nervous system Mesoderm, middle layer, → muscles of body wall and most other structures between the gut and the external covering Russell, Biology: The Dynamic Science, 5th edition. © 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Copyright Reserved: Slides prepared by Prof. C. Simon Body Symmetry Most sponges are asymmetrical Eumetazoans are symmetrical –bodies can be divided into mirror-image halves Radiata vs Bilateria can be cut into left and Can’t be cut into left and right sides right sides cephalization. No cephalization. has anterior (front) and no anterior (front) or posterior (back) ends posterior (back) ends has dorsal (upper) and no dorsal (upper) and ventral (lower) surfaces ventral (lower) surfaces Russell, Biology: The Dynamic Science, 5th edition. © 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Copyright Reserved: Slides prepared by Prof. C. Simon Body Cavities (coeloms) of triploblastic animals Acoelomate animals no body cavity separates the gut from the muscles of the body wall Pseudocoelomate animals fluid-filled space, the pseudo(false) coelom, lies between the gut and muscles of the body wall Coelomate animals true body cavity (coelom) completely lined by a membrane (peritoneum) derived from mesoderm Extensions of the peritoneum (mesenteries) surround the internal organs and suspend them within the coelom Russell, Biology: The Dynamic Science, 5th edition. © 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Copyright Reserved: Slides prepared by Prof. C. Simon Body Cavities Body plans of pseudocoelomate and coelomate animals form a “tube within a tube” digestive system = inner tube body wall = outer tube fluid-filled body cavity, containing the internal organs, between them Fluid in body cavity serves as a hydrostatic skeleton, which provides support Hydrostatic skeletons: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NXBdeIgbY4M Russell, Biology: The Dynamic Science, 5th edition. © 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Copyright Reserved: Slides prepared by Prof. C. Simon Developmental Patterns Bilaterally symmetrical animals form two lineages with different developmental characteristics Protostomes = most phyla of invertebrates Deuterostomes = echinoderms, hemichordates, chordates (vertebrates and invertebrates) Russell, Biology: The Dynamic Science, 5th edition. © 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Copyright Reserved: Slides prepared by Prof. C. Simon 1) Mesoderm and Coelom 2) The Mouth and Anus Protostomes Deuterostomes Protostomes Deuterostomes Russell, Biology: The Dynamic Science, 5th edition. © 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Copyright Reserved: Slides prepared by Prof. C. Simon Segmentation Segmentation = the production of body parts as repeating units In vertebrates: in mesodermal tissues Increased flexibility of movement In some invertebrates: mesoderm, endoderm and ectoderm Internal organs repeated Animals may survive loss of individual segments Improved movement; segments can move independently In annelids, helped by bristles & hydrostatic skeleton https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0Texxu3p7I8 https://i.insider.com/60941cf9f22c6b00185dca8a?width=976&format=jpeg https://www.vedantu.com/seo/content-images/77037a0d-01bc-46ee-aaa6-f526c99b192b.png Russell, Biology: The Dynamic Science, 5th edition. © 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  You What is the functional significance of the coelom? Copyright Reserved: Slides prepared by Prof. C. Simon Copilot STUDY BREAK 31.2 The coelom, or body cavity, serves a bunch of important functions. Firstly, it provides a space for internal organs to develop, grow, and move independently of the body wall. Secondly, it acts as a cushion, protecting internal organs from injury. Thirdly, it facilitates the transport of nutrients, gases, and wastes between different parts of the body. Think of it as a multifunctional chamber making life more efficient and flexible. 1. What is a tissue, and what three primary tissue layers are You What types of body present in the embryos of most animals? Which layer is cavities are found in the deuterostomes absent from diploblastic animals? and protostomes? Copilot Deuterostomes and protostomes are like 2. What type of body symmetry do humans have? two different clubs with distinct characteristics when 3. What is the functional significance of the coelom? it comes to body cavities: 4. What does having a segmented body allow some animals to Protostomes typically develop a coelom do? (body cavity) through a process called schizocoely. In this 5. What types of body cavities are found in the deuterostomes process, solid masses of mesoderm split to form the and protostomes? coelom. Examples include arthropods, mollusks, and Russell, Biology: The Dynamic Science, 5th edition. © 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be annelids. scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Deuterostomes, on Copyright Reserved: Slides prepared by Prof. C. Simon (old) Morphological Molecular Chordates Arthropods Hemichordates Phylogeny of Animals 9 Annelids 9 9 9 8 8 Brachiopods 3 9 3 Bryozoans 7 Molluscs Echinoderms Nematodes Rotifers 4 5 Nemerteans Gastrotrichs 6 Flatworms Ctenophores 3 3 2 Cnidarians 2 Metazoan 1 ancestor 2 2 1 Sponges 1 1 Choanoflagellate How to read trees: ancestor https://www.youtube.com/wat From Barnes, 1980 ch?v=ouZ9zEkxGWg&list=RDRV Russell, Biology: The Dynamic Science, 5th edition. © 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be W8iIEfiZI&index=10 scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Copyright Reserved: Slides prepared by Prof. C. Simon Classification of the Animal Phyla (1 of 2) Highlighted taxa will be covered in lectures, * indicates taxa covered in pracs Major Clade Phylum Known Diversity (Approximate Number of Living Species Described) Parazoa Porifera* 8,000 Eumetazoa Radiata Cnidaria* 11,000 Ctenophora 150 Bilateria Protostomia Lophotrochozoa Ectoprocta 5,000 Brachiopoda 350 Phoronida 12 Platyheminthes* 25,000 Rotifera 2,000 Nemertea 1,200 Russell, Biology: The Dynamic Science, 5th edition. © 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Copyright Reserved: Slides prepared by Prof. C. Simon Classification of the Animal Phyla (2 of 2) Major Clade Phylum Known Diversity (Approximate Number of Living Species Described) Mollusca 110,000 Annelida* 17,000 Ecdysozoa Nematoda* 80,000 Onychophora 180 Arthropoda 1,150,000 Deuterostomia Echinodermata 6,500 Hemichordata 100 Chordata 70,000 Russell, Biology: The Dynamic Science, 5th edition. © 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Taxonomic hierarchy Highest taxonomic level Most inclusive Parazoa & Eumatazoa Bilateria & Subphylum Radiata Vertebrata Protostomia (Lophotrochozoa & Ecdysozoa) & Deuterostomia Most exclusive Lowest taxonomic level Copyright Reserved: Slides prepared by Prof. C. Simon STUDY BREAK 31.3 1. Which major groupings of animals defined based on morphological characters have been confirmed by molecular sequence studies? Molecular sequence studies have confirmed several major groupings of animals based on morphological characters:1 Parazoa and Eumetazoa: Parazoa includes animals like sponges, while Eumetazoa includes all other animal groups1. Radiata and Bilateria: Radiata includes animals with radial symmetry (e.g., jellyfish), and Bilateria includes animals with bilateral symmetry1. Protostomia and Deuterostomia: These are two major groups within the Bilateria, distinguished by differences in their embryonic development1. These molecular studies have helped refine our understanding of animal phylogeny and evolutionary relationships2. Russell, Biology: The Dynamic Science, 5th edition. © 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.