General Zoology Lecture 1 PDF

GENERAL ZOOLOGY 1 Z101 st 1 Year Biology & Molecular basis of life Lecture 1 GENERAL BIOLOGY Biology & Molecular Basis of Life. Cell Structure & Functions. Introduction to Embryology. Basic Histology. Principles of Human Physiology. I. BIOLOGY AND M...

GENERAL ZOOLOGY 1 Z101 st 1 Year Biology & Molecular basis of life Lecture 1 GENERAL BIOLOGY Biology & Molecular Basis of Life. Cell Structure & Functions. Introduction to Embryology. Basic Histology. Principles of Human Physiology. I. BIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BASIS OF LIFE Biology The study of life. Details of Human Brain. The Composition of Genes. Functioning of Reproductive Systems. Human Genome. The sequence of DNA.  Intro Biology  Theories Contributing Modern Biology Evolution By The Cell Theory Natural Gene Theory Homeostasis Selection All living things are made of one or more cells. The Cell Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in organisms. Theory Cells originate from existing cells.  Theories Contributing Modern Biology Evolution By The Cell Theory Natural Gene Theory Homeostasis Selection The process of differential survival and reproduction of better genotypes Natural that can be stabilizing, directional or disruptive. Selection Better adapted individuals are more likely to survive to reproductive age and thus leave more offspring and contribute more to the gene pool. The differential survival and reproductive successes of individuals in a variable population maintain the evolutionary process. When all individuals survive and reproduce, natural selection works at lower rate.  Theories Contributing Modern Biology Evolution By The Cell Theory Natural Gene Theory Homeostasis Selection Genes are specific segment of DNA that control cell structure and function. Gene Sequence of DNA bases usually code for a polypeptide sequence of amino acids. Theory Genetic divergence is the separation of a population’s gene pools of other populations due to mutation, genetic drift and selection. Continued divergence can lead to speciation. Genetic map is a diagram showing the order of and the distance between genes.  Theories Contributing Modern Biology Evolution By The Cell Theory Natural Gene Theory Homeostasis Selection Homeostasis Homeostasis is the maintenance of a dynamic range of conditions within which the organism can function. Temperature, PH and energy are major components of this concept. Thermodynamics is the field of study that covers the laws governing energy transfers. The universe is composed of two things: matter (atoms, molecules, organelles and cells) and energy. The Diversity of Life The Diversity of Life  Organization into cells, organelles and Organization molecules. The maintenance of a To Environment or each others. constant internal environment Interactions Homeostasis (temp, PH, water concentration). Living things are Characteristics suited to their mode External or internal. Response to stimuli of living Adaption of existence. organisms From sunlight, inorganic chemicals or Since all cells come from Energy another organisms. Release in the Acquisition Reproduction existing cells, they must have and release form of ATP. some ways to reproduce (asexual or sexual). Growth and Single cells grow to mature cells for division. Development Multicellular organisms more complicated (Differentiation and Organogenesis).  Levels of Organization Biosphere The sum of all living things taken in conjunction with their environment. Ecosystem The relation of a smaller group of organisms with each others and their environment. Community The relation between groups of different species. Like dessert communities consists of rabbits, snakes and such dessert plants as cactus. Species Group of similar individuals who tend to mate and produce viable, fertile offspring. Population Group of similar individuals who tend to mate with each others in a limited geographic area. Individuals One or more cells with a unique DNA arrangement. These can be unicellular or multicellular.  Levels of Organization In multicellular organisms. Organ System A group of cells, tissues and organs performing a specific major function. Like cardiovascular system. Organ In multicellular organisms. A group of cells or tissues performing an overall function. Like heart. Tissue In multicellular organisms. A group of cells performing specific functions. Like heart muscle tissue. Cell The fundamental unit of live things. Each cells has DNA, energy acquiring chemicals and structures. organelles A subunit of a cell, subcellular function. like ribosomes (protein synthesis), Mitochondria (ATP generation). Molecules The fundamental functional levels of biochemistry.  Levels of Organization  Universe (energy & matter), Matter (Elements), Elements (atoms). Atoms Are compounds in which the Nucleic acids Molecules elements are definite, fixed DNA and RNA ratios. 60-90% living 50-60% of dry mass of a cell. Proteins Molecular Water organisms. Excellent solvent & Composed: amino acids. Function: structure and enzymes. basis of life Metabolite reactions. 40% of dry mass of cell. From: carbon and hydrogen. Insoluble in water. Atoms or molecules with Lipids Ions Structural component. unequal no. of electrons or protons. 3% dry mass of cell. Composed: carbon, hydrogen and Carbohydrates oxygen atoms. Important source of energy. Questions