Cognitive Processes Lesson 1 2024 PDF

Cognitive Processes Lesson 1 History and methods Economics Social systems Sociology Cultural ideas Social psychology Group behaviour Cognitive Psy...

Cognitive Processes Lesson 1 History and methods Economics Social systems Sociology Cultural ideas Social psychology Group behaviour Cognitive Psychology Mental Processes Learning Psychology Observed behaviour Perception Processes & physiology Neuroscience Neurons and structures Biology Cells Chemistry Molecules Physics Forces Cognitive Processes Lesson 1 History and methods Behaviourism Watson (1914, see http://psychclassics.yorku.ca/Watson/views.htm) “Psychology, as the behaviorist views it, is a purely objective, experimental branch of natural science which needs introspection as little as do the sciences of chemistry and physics. It is granted that the behavior of animals can be investigated without appeal to consciousness.” Cognitive Processes Lesson 1 History and methods Tolman (1948) See: http://psychclassics.yorku.ca/Tolman/Maps/maps.htm “First, there is a school of animal psychologists which believes that the maze behavior of rats is a matter of mere simple stimulus-response connections. Learning, according to them, consists in the strengthening of some of these connections and in the weakening of others. According to this 'stimulus-response' school the rat in progressing down the maze is helplessly responding to a succession of external stimuli-sights, sounds, smells, pressures, etc.”  Source: http://psychclassics.yorku.ca/Tolman/Maps/maps.htm History and methods Cognitive Processes Lesson 1 Cognitive Processes Lesson 1 History and methods Tolman (1948) “…we assert that the central office itself is far more like a map control room than it is like an old-fashioned telephone exchange. The stimuli, Source: http://psychclassics.yorku.ca/Tolman/Maps/maps.htm which are allowed in, are not connected by just simple one-to-one switches to the outgoing responses. Rather, the incoming impulses are usually worked over and elaborated in the central control room into a tentative, cognitive- like map of the environment. And it is this tentative map, indicating routes and paths and environmental relationships, which finally determines what responses, if any, the animal will finally release.” Cognitive Processes Lesson 1 History and methods Source: http://psychclassics.yorku.ca/Tolman/Maps/maps.htm Group I: control – run in maze once per day and found food in the goal box Group II: experimental – not fed at all while in the maze for 7 days, then rewarded in maze from then on Group III: experimental – not fed at all while in the maze for 3 days, then rewarded in maze from then on Cognitive Processes Lesson 1 History and methods Can you explain language with S-R relationships? Skinner attempted to in “Verbal Behavior” (1957) “A typical example of stimulus control for Skinner would be the response to a piece of music with the utterance Mozart or to a painting with the response Dutch. These responses are asserted to be "under the control of extremely subtle properties" of the physical object or event. Suppose instead of saying Dutch we had said Clashes with the wallpaper, I thought you liked abstract work, Never saw it before, Tilted, Hanging too low, Beautiful, Hideous, Remember our camping trip last summer?, or whatever else might come into our minds when looking at a picture (in Skinnerian translation, whatever other responses exist in sufficient strength). Skinner could only say that each of these responses is under the control of some other stimulus property of the physical object.” Chomsky (1967) http://cogprints.org/1148/00/chomsky.htm Cognitive Processes Lecture 1 History and methods The role of technology Attentional overload Computer study (timing) Computer metaphor Cognitive Processes Lecture 1 History and methods Source: Chapter 7 of Weiten, Psychology: Themes & Variations (2012, 9th Edition) Cognitive Processes Lecture 1 History and methods Cognitive models Boxes and arrows refer to the processing and transfer of information Source: Chapter 7 of Weiten, Psychology: Themes & Variations (2012, 9th Edition) Cognitive Processes Lecture 1 History and methods Mental chronometry Simple Reaction Time: press button to any light Choice Reaction Time: press one button to red light and another button to green light Choice RT - Simple RT = Estimate of stimulus evaluation time – See Donder’s ‘subtraction method’ in the Snodgrass reading Cognitive Processes Lesson 1 History and methods Cognitive Processes Lesson 1 History and methods Cognitive Processes Lesson 1 History and methods Why do we have to investigate cognitive processes so indirectly? Introspection? Consciousness Cognitive Biases