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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of the 'central office' as described by Tolman?
What is the primary function of the 'central office' as described by Tolman?
- To create a cognitive-like map of the environment from incoming stimuli (correct)
- To eliminate the influence of sensory input on behavior
- To directly respond to external stimuli without modifications
- To serve as a telephone exchange for communication
How does the 'stimulus-response' school view the rat's behavior in the maze?
How does the 'stimulus-response' school view the rat's behavior in the maze?
- The rat consciously plans its route using memories
- The rat uses instinctual behavior to find its way
- The rat is actively learning to navigate via trial and error
- The rat is helplessly responsive to external stimuli (correct)
In what way does Tolman contrast old-fashioned telephone exchanges with the central control room?
In what way does Tolman contrast old-fashioned telephone exchanges with the central control room?
- The central control room operates more mechanically than the exchange
- The central control room simplifies the processing of stimuli
- The telephone exchange performs cognitive analyses of the incoming signals
- The telephone exchange connects stimuli directly to responses without processing (correct)
What metaphor does Tolman use to describe the central office's function?
What metaphor does Tolman use to describe the central office's function?
What evidence contradicts the view that rats progress solely based on stimulus-response actions?
What evidence contradicts the view that rats progress solely based on stimulus-response actions?
Which statement demonstrates a misunderstanding of Tolman's theories?
Which statement demonstrates a misunderstanding of Tolman's theories?
What does Watson's view of psychology emphasize in relation to behavior?
What does Watson's view of psychology emphasize in relation to behavior?
According to Tolman, what do some animal psychologists believe about learning?
According to Tolman, what do some animal psychologists believe about learning?
Which of the following fields is NOT listed as a part of cognitive processes?
Which of the following fields is NOT listed as a part of cognitive processes?
How does Watson's view on psychology compare to traditional views that rely on consciousness?
How does Watson's view on psychology compare to traditional views that rely on consciousness?
In what way do behaviors, according to the behaviorist perspective, relate to natural science?
In what way do behaviors, according to the behaviorist perspective, relate to natural science?
Which aspect of behavior does the behaviorist approach fundamentally exclude from its analysis?
Which aspect of behavior does the behaviorist approach fundamentally exclude from its analysis?
What underlying assumption is made by those who believe that the maze behavior of rats is purely about stimulus-response connections?
What underlying assumption is made by those who believe that the maze behavior of rats is purely about stimulus-response connections?
Which methodological approach is least likely to be used by a behaviorist, according to the content provided?
Which methodological approach is least likely to be used by a behaviorist, according to the content provided?
What was the primary focus of the tentative map mentioned in the context of animal responses?
What was the primary focus of the tentative map mentioned in the context of animal responses?
Which group was not rewarded with food during their time in the maze initially?
Which group was not rewarded with food during their time in the maze initially?
In Skinner's perspective, what aspect controls the response to certain stimuli like music or paintings?
In Skinner's perspective, what aspect controls the response to certain stimuli like music or paintings?
What does the abbreviation 'S-R' stand for in the context of Skinner's analysis of language?
What does the abbreviation 'S-R' stand for in the context of Skinner's analysis of language?
Which of the following best describes the response to stimuli according to Skinner's example?
Which of the following best describes the response to stimuli according to Skinner's example?
What experimental design aspect differentiates Group III from Group II in the maze study?
What experimental design aspect differentiates Group III from Group II in the maze study?
How does Skinner’s concept suggest individuals should ideally respond when presented with a painting?
How does Skinner’s concept suggest individuals should ideally respond when presented with a painting?
What does the experiment involving different groups in a maze primarily aim to assess?
What does the experiment involving different groups in a maze primarily aim to assess?
What is mental chronometry primarily concerned with in cognitive psychology?
What is mental chronometry primarily concerned with in cognitive psychology?
Which of the following best describes the 'subtraction method' related to reaction time?
Which of the following best describes the 'subtraction method' related to reaction time?
What cognitive model representation use boxes and arrows to demonstrate?
What cognitive model representation use boxes and arrows to demonstrate?
What major issue does attentional overload refer to in cognitive processes?
What major issue does attentional overload refer to in cognitive processes?
According to Chomsky's critique, what limitation does Skinner’s view of responses highlight?
According to Chomsky's critique, what limitation does Skinner’s view of responses highlight?
Which aspect of cognitive processes is emphasized by the computer metaphor?
Which aspect of cognitive processes is emphasized by the computer metaphor?
What type of reaction time task requires the participant to respond to two different stimuli?
What type of reaction time task requires the participant to respond to two different stimuli?
What indirect approach is suggested for investigating cognitive processes?
What indirect approach is suggested for investigating cognitive processes?
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Study Notes
Cognitive Processes Overview
- Cognitive processes encompass various fields like economics, sociology, and neuroscience, highlighting interdisciplinary connections.
- Key areas include behavioral psychology, perception, mental processes, and learning psychology, all of which examine different facets of cognition.
Historical Foundations
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Behaviorism (Watson, 1914):
- Defined psychology as an objective science requiring no introspection, parallel to chemistry and physics.
- Emphasized studying observable behaviors without invoking consciousness.
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Tolman's Contributions (1948):
- Challenged simplistic stimulus-response theories by proposing that learning involves cognitive maps, not just reactionary behavior.
- Suggested that stimuli are processed into a “map” of the environment, influencing how responses are ultimately formulated.
- Conducted experiments with different groups of rats to illustrate learning and behavior in maze navigation, demonstrating cognitive approaches over mere stimulus-response reactions.
Language Processing
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Skinner’s Perspective on Language:
- Proposed that language can be explained through stimulus-response relationships; utterances are reactions to stimuli (e.g., music or art).
- Acknowledged the complexity of responses, emphasizing that various stimuli might evoke a range of verbal reactions.
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Chomsky’s Critique (1967):
- Argued against Skinner's view, suggesting that language acquisition and use involve innate cognitive structures, challenging behaviorist explanations.
Technological Influence
- Technological advancements allow for the study of cognitive processes through models simulating human thought, leading to the concept of attentional overload.
- Cognitive models often utilize a "boxes and arrows" metaphor to represent information processing and transfer.
Mental Chronometry
- Reaction Time Measurements:
- Simple Reaction Time: Measure of time taken to respond to a single stimulus.
- Choice Reaction Time: Time taken to respond to one of several stimuli, emphasizing decision-making processes.
- The differential outcome (Choice RT - Simple RT) helps estimate the time required for stimulus evaluation, rooted in Donder’s subtraction method.
Investigating Cognitive Processes
- Challenges in studying cognitive processes stem from the need for direct observation of mental activities, leading to reliance on indirect methods.
- Investigations also explore cognitive biases, highlighting the pitfalls in human judgment and decision-making.
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