Zaki Saudagar Physical Notes @CBSE24x7 PDF

Copyright © Zaki Saudagar Platform Chapter 1 | Management of Sporting Events Sports Events Sports event means a game, match, race or similar competitive event associated with a Governing Body in its entirety or a particular in-game, live...

Copyright © Zaki Saudagar Platform Chapter 1 | Management of Sporting Events Sports Events Sports event means a game, match, race or similar competitive event associated with a Governing Body in its entirety or a particular in-game, live occurrence such as, but not limited to, a particular play or score. Function of Sporting Events Planning: Planning is a process of achieving pre-determined goals and decide what is to be done, how it is to be done, when PLANNING r it is to be done and by whom it is to be done. g a Organising: Organising is the management function of assigning ORGANISING duties, grouping tasks, establishing authority and allocating a resources to carry out a specific plan. u d Staffing: This function is concerned with finding the right STAFFING Sa person for the right position at the right time. i Directing: Directing is the process of supervising, motivating, k leading and communicating with the subordinates to achieve DIRECTING Za the organisational objectives. Controlling: The task of controlling involves establishing standards of performance, measuring current performance, CONTROLLING comparing it with established standards and taking corrective actions, if there is any significant deviation between actual and planned performance. Important Committiees Director Executive Committiee  Copyright © Zaki Saudagar Platform Chapter 1 | Management of Sporting Events Important Committiees Press & Media Committee: Its main duty is to publish Reception Committee: This committee sends entry and advertise the sports events. forms to the various institutions early. It sometimes also prepares fixtures of teams participating in the Transportation Committee: Its main responsibility is competition. to make necessary arrangements for transportation. Technical Committee: This committee selects various Equipment Committee: This committee is responsible officials such as referees, judges, umpires, etc. for making the grounds or laying out the track and field. Announcement Committee: This committee is r responsible for making all the announcements during a Committee for Refreshment: This committee takes the period of sports events. g the charge of supplying refreshments and drinks to the guests, officials, competitors, etc. Health & Safety Committee: This committee provides a first aid to the victim or affected sportsman/athlete. d Decoration & Ceremonies Committee: The members of u this committee are responsible to welcome the chief Finance Committee: They Prepare Budget for Sa guests at the opening and closing ceremonies. tournaments. k i Important Responsibilities Za Pre-Responsibilities During-Responsibilities Post-Responsibilities 1. To finalize a suitable venue for 1. To monitor the event and make 1. To evaluate the event's success the event. sure that everything runs & make plans for future events. smoothly. 2. To coordinate with local 2. To generate a final report on authorities for necessary permits 2. To manage the volunteers and the event, with all the feedback, and permissions for the event. the staff at the event. observations, & recommendations for the future events. 3. To arrange for parking and 3. To ensure the safety and transportation options for security of all the participants, 3. To review media coverage of attendees. attendees, and the staff during the event. the event. 4. To ensure that the venue is 4. To coordinate the breakdown properly staffed and equipped to 4. To ensure adequate food and of the event & ensure that all the handle the event. beverage for all attendees. equipment & resources are returned or stored properly. 5. To develop a plan for managing 5. To coordinate entertainment the event's media presence and activities at the event. 5. To collect feedback from the volunteers & the staff and 6. To identify potential sponsors 6. To monitor the event's debrief them on their & create budget for events. technology needs and respond to experiences. any issues that may arise. 7. To arrange transportation and 6. To review safety and security accommodation for the 7. To manage the event's media measures, and identify any participants. presence and provide information potential safety & security issues and updates to the media. for future events. 8. to ensure that good medical and first aid services are 8. To ensure medical and first aid 7. Prizes & Certificate gives to available at the event. services are available at the event participants.  Copyright © Zaki Saudagar Platform Chapter 1 | Management of Sporting Events Tournament Tournament is a competition involving a relatively large number of competitors, all participating in a sport or game. Tournament are organised at various levels such as zonal state national and international level Knockout Tournament League Tournament Single-elimination, knockout, or sudden It is also called round robin tournament. In a r death tournament is a type of elimination league tournament, the teams/players are a tournament where the loser of each match- treated at par. Whether the team/player g up is immediately eliminated from the wins a match or loses, the team will get a tournament. chance to play with every other team. a Each winner will play another in the next d round, until the final match-up, whose winner Advantages of league tournament. Tt u becomes the tournament champion. decides the true winner. Sa Combination Tournament i Byes: This method of Seeding: In this method, k creating fixtures that teams or individuals are Za allows a certain number Combination Tournament are those tournament assigned to different of teams or individuals in which initial round of tournament are played brackets or groups to advance to the next on particular basis (knock-out or league) and based on their round without having to rest of the tournament played on another particular basis. performance in the play a match. Knockout cum knockout previous tournaments or League cum league competitions. Method of giving Byes: Knockout cum league Bye-1 : LH (Last Team) League cum knockout Method of giving Seed: Bye-2 : UH (1st Team) S-1 : UH (1st Team) Bye-3 : LH (1st Team) S-2 : LH (Last Team) Bye-4 : UH (Last Team) & So on... Fixtures S-3 : UH (Last Team) S-4 : LH (1st Team) & So on... A tournament fixture refers to the schedule or timetable of matches or events that take place during a sports tournament. It is a comprehensive list of all the matches, including the teams playing, the venues, and the Special Seeding: A dates and times of the matches. process to place the stronger team/teams at appropriate places in the Knockout Fixtures League Fixtures fixture and to avoid the elimination of such teams in the first round With Byes Cyclic Method and give them a chance Without Byes Staircase Method to participate in quarter-final or semi With Seeding Tabular Method final.  Copyright © Zaki Saudagar Platform Chapter 1 | Management of Sporting Events Even Teams without Byes for 8 Teams Even Teams with Byes for 6 Teams Watch Now a g a r u d How to Draw Fixtures Sa ODD Teams with Byes for 11 Teams Even Teams (Seeding) for 11 Teams Za k i Cyclic Method Even Teams Cyclic Method ODD Teams  Copyright © Zaki Saudagar Platform Chapter 1 | Management of Sporting Events Staircase Method ODD Teams Staircase Method Even Teams Tabular Method Even Teams Tabular Method ODD Teams Watch Now How to Draw Fixtures Intramural Extramural The word intramural is derived from the Latin This encloses the activities which are words intra and muros, which means ‘within performed outside the walls of the walls’. The teams compete within the walls of institution or school. It means that students the institution e.g. inter-class or inter-house of two or more schools participate in such tournament within an institution. competitions. The objectives of intramurals are as follows: 1. The objectives of extramural are: 1. To provide incentive, motivation and 2. To improve the standard of sports. opportunity to learn various skills. 3. To provide experience to students. 2. To develop sportsman spirit among 4. To develop sportsmanship and fraternity. students. 5. To broaden the base of sports. 3. To help in recreation of the students. 6. To provide the knowledge of new rules 4. To improve-social interaction among the and advanced techniques. students Significance: Significance: 1. It brings out the hidden talent of the 1. They provide recreational opportunities students. for the campus community... 2. It develops leadership qualities in students. 2. They give positive experiences, regardless of race, nationality, age and gender.  Copyright © Zaki Saudagar Platform Chapter 1 | Management of Sporting Events Specific Sports Programmes Specific sports programmes are those which are not usually related to competitions. The programmes have various objectives like creating awareness, creating a sense of integration among people and raising funds for charitable organisations. Some of these programmes are Sports day. Run for fun, Health run, Run for specific cause. Run for unity and Run for awareness. Sports Day Run for Unity r This is a day-long event where participants This is a running event organized to promote a engage in various sporting activities, such as unity and bring people together. Participants g track and field events, relay races, and of all ages, ethnicities, and backgrounds are a games. The emphasis is on fun and friendly encouraged to participate, and the emphasis d competition, and it is often organized by is on creating a sense of community and schools or community organizations. togetherness. i Health Run Sa u Run for Specific Cause Za k This is a running event organized to promote This is a running event organized to raise health and wellness. Participants of all ages awareness and funds for a specific cause, will have varied fitness levels and are such as cancer research or disaster relief. encouraged to participate, and the emphasis Participants are often encouraged to raise is on creating a healthy and active lifestyle. funds through donations or sponsorships. Run for Fun This is a running event that is organized purely for fun and recreation. Participants can run at their own pace and enjoy the camaraderie and support of others.  Copyright © Zaki Saudagar Platform Unit 2 | Children & Women in Sports Introduction Sports are good for children's of all age. Children can enjoy their physical activities by taking part in sports and games. In fact the most important thing is that children's motor development should be according to their requirement. Exercise Guidelines of WHO Stages of Life r The World Health Organization (WHO) has published Infant (0-1yrs) a exercise guidelines for different age groups, which are g designed to promote health and prevent chronic diseases Toddler (2-4yrs) a such as obesity, diabetes, and heart disease. Here are the d exercise guidelines for different age groups as Child (5-12yrs) u recommended by the WHO: Sa Teen (13-19yrs) 1. For Children under 5 years of Age i 2. Children & adolescents aged 5-17 Adult (20-39yrs) k 3. Adults aged 18-64 years Za Middle Adult Age (40-59 yrs) 4. Adults aged 65 years & Above Senior (60+ yrs) Children & Adolescents Adults (18-64 yrs): Older Adults 65+yrs 1. Children and adolescents 1. Adults should engage in at 1. Older adults should engage in should engage in at least 60 least 150-300 minutes of at least 150-300 minutes of minutes of moderate-to-vigorous moderate-intensity aerobic moderate-intensity aerobic intensity physical activity daily. physical activity per week or 75- physical activity per week, or 75- 150 minutes of vigorous-intensity 150 minutes of vigorous-intensity 2. This can include activities such aerobic physical activity per week. aerobic physical activity per week, as running, swimming, cycling, depending on their ability. playing sports, and dancing. 2. This can include activities such as brisk walking, jogging, cycling, 2. This can include activities such 3. Muscle-strengthening swimming, and dancing. as brisk walking, dancing, activities should also be gardening, and cycling. performed at least three times a 3. Muscle-strengthening week, such as push-ups, squats, activities should also be 3. Balance exercises should be and lunges. performed at least two days a performed at least three days a week, such as lifting weights and week to prevent falls. doing push-ups or sit-ups.  Copyright © Zaki Saudagar Platform Unit 2 | Children & Women in Sports Posture Posture is a position in which a person holds his body while standing, sitting, or lying down. It is the body's alignment when sitting, standing, or performing any other activity. Common Postural Deformities SPINAL CURVATURE r Kyphosis Lordosis Scoliosis Round Shoulder d a g a i It is usually related to Sa u It is usually e the inward curvature of It is a lateral direction deformities also In this postural deformity k abnormality curve spine. Increase called sideway the shoulder become round spine. It's most Za common in older forward curvature in curvature. and sometime they seem women. the lumbar region. Causes - Due to under to be band forward. Causes - Due to Causes - Due to developed legs, malnutrition, heavy improper development paralysis. Causes -due to heredity load, week muscle etc of muscle, obesity, Remedies - bending because of tight cloth. Remedies - Use pillow etc. exercises should be under the back while Remedies - perform done, swim Bhai using Remedies -perform sleeping, perform sit ups, perform breaststroke chakrasana and dhanurasana. halasana. techniques. dhanurasana Bow Legs Knock Knee Flatfoot It opposite to knock knee It is one of the major postural Flatfoot is a condition that position if there is a wide gap deformities in which both the affects the feet, causing them between the knee when knees knock or touch each to become flat and painful. standing with feet together other while normal standing Children with flat feet the individual has bowleg. position. experience pain when they run Causes - lack of balanced diet & struggle to stand and walk. Causes -Deficiency of calcium specially vitamin d calcium and Phosphorus and bone phosphorus Causes: Genetics, Age, obesity, Remedies - vitamin d should be Remedies - perform diabetes, and certain medical taken, balance diet padmasana, gomukhasana. conditions.  Copyright © Zaki Saudagar Platform Unit 2 | Children & Women in Sports Women Participation in Sports For women’s participation in sports we have a look at Reasons for the low rate of sports participation by ancient period. Regarding participation in the first women in India: modern Olympic (1896 Athens), there was no Gender equity & social attitude, No parental participation of women. encouragement, Traditional society, Women constraining other women, Lack of plans & initiatives 1. Women participated first time in 1900 Olympics. for sports women by the Government, Male dominant (22 women participated in) culture, Less availability of women coaches, Less In 1904 six women participated. competition, Economic Factor, Media Coverage, Lack of 2. After 100 years in 2000 Sydney Olympics 4069 Incentives & Career r women had participated. a 3. In 2008 Beijing Olympics 4637 women Physical Benefits: g participated. Healthy lifestyle, Weight Management, Physical a Fitness, Stronger Bones, Delays Ageing, Increases Participation in India: Muscle strength & functions d 1. In 2000 karnam Malleswari was the first woman u who won bronze medal in Sydney Olympic from India. Psychological Benefits Sa 2. In 1984 performance of P.T. Usha was very good in Help moderate stress, Improve Your mood, Boost Athletics. mental health, Help with depression, Higher self i 3. In 2012 london olympics Saina Nehwal and M.C. esteem, Better self image, More self confidence Maricom got bronze medal. k 4. In 2016, Rio Olympics, Sakshi Malik won bronze Za Social Benefits medal, P.V. Sandhu won silver medal where as Deepa Social Empowerment, Team work, Communication Karmakar opened new dimensions in gymnastics. Interpersonal Relationship. Special Consideration There are some specific considerations that should be taken care by sportswomen. Some special considerations are menarche and menstrual dysfunction. These are the natural considerations that are present in every women. Girls and women who are active in sports, need to consider these seriously. These considerations are associated with their physiology and also affect their psychology. They are described in detail below: Menarche Menstrual Dysfunction Menarche is the girl’s first menstrual period It means abnormal bleeding and irregular or bleeding. It can happen as early as age 9 menstrual cycle. Normally, a menstrual cycle or upto age 16. The exact period of lasts upto 3 to 7 days and occurs every 22 menarche depends upon the biological, to 35 days. During menstrual dysfunction, genetic and environmental factors. women often complain of headache, back pain, fatigue, cramps, tiredness, etc. As a sportsperson, a young woman has to This not only hampers their physical take special care of herself at that time. It performance but also challenges them is essential to take proper nutrition during psychologically. During these days, women this period, so that the body performs all its should be more careful about their functions normally. cleanliness and hygienic habits.  Copyright © Zaki Saudagar Platform Unit 2 | Children & Women in Sports Female Athelete Traid The ‘Female Athlete Triad’ is a syndrome of three related conditions i.e. Osteoporosis, Amenorrhea, Eating Disorders, generally seen in teenage or adult female athletes who aren’t meeting their energy requirements properly, which ultimately leaves them undernourished. This also affects their performance severely. Osteoporosis Amenorrhea g a r Osteoporosis is a weakening of the bones due Exercising intensely and not taking enough calories can to the loss of bone density and improper bone lead to hormonal imbalances that results in a girl’s a formation. menstrual cycle becoming irregular or stopping d Women suffering from this disease lack altogether. This condition is known as amenorrhea. u minerals in their bone contents. Oestrogen is Sa also low. The bones become porous, brittle and Thus, amenorrhea refers to the absence of menstrual break easily. This condition reduces the sports periods or becoming irregular. Hair loss, headache, i performances and makes a person prone to change in vision and development of facial hair are k fractures & injuries. symptoms of amenorrhea. Za Eating Disorder It refers to taking very little calories due to which there is deficiency in the body. The deficiency can be of essential nutrients or even lack of energy. Eating disorder is related to mental illness and affects a person’s physical and mental health. To improve athletic performance, most of the female athletes try to lose weight. For this purpose, they do not eat enough food containing fat and particularly iron, which leads to serious disorders like anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, anaemia, etc. Anorexia Nervosa Bulimia Nervosa It is an eating disorder which In this disorder female athletes eat causes people to obsess about excessive amount of food and vomit weight and what they eat. intentionally in order to not gaining Anorexia is characterised by a weight. distorted body structure, with It is a serious eating disorder an unwanted fear of being marked by bingeing. Bulimia is a overweight. potentially life-threatening eating People trying to maintain a disorder. below-normal weight through People take dangerous steps to avoid starvation or too much weight gain like vomiting (purging), exercise. excessive exercising or fasting.  Copyright © Zaki Saudagar Platform Unit 3 | Yoga as a Preventive Measures Yoga The term "yoga" comes from a Sanskrit word meaning "union." Yoga combines physical exercises, mental meditation, & breathing techniques to strengthen the muscles and relieve stress. Asanas Benefits According to Patanjali asana means - 1. Bones & joints become strong. Sthiram sukham asanam means ' that 2. Muscles of the body become stronger & the efficiency r position which is comfortable and steady ' of muscles also increases a According to Brahmanopanishad - to sit 3. Blood circulation is improved & blood pressure g comfortable position or posture for normalises and stabilize. a everlasting period is called asanas. Asana is 4. The size of the lungs and chest also in hens so that a means through which physical and mental the respiratory organ become efficient. d development is achieved. prevention of 5. Efficiency of the digestive system increases that u diseases and delay in aging are the effect means the absorption of food become efficient. Sa that are achieved through yoga exercises 6. Nervous system strengthening and increase the neuromuscular coordination also. k i Content Za Obesity: Procedure, Benefits & Contraindications for Tadasana,Katichakrasana,Pavanmuktasana, Matsayasana,Halasana,Pachimottansana,Ardha– Matsyendrasana,Dhanurasana,Ushtrasana, Suryabedhan pranayama Diabetes: Procedure, Benefits & Contraindications for Katichakrasana,Pavanmuktasana,Bhujangasana, Shalabhasana,Dhanurasana,Supta-va jarasana, Paschimottanasana,Ardha-Mastendrasana, Mandukasana, Gomukasana, Yogmudra, Ushtrasana, Kapalabhati. Hypertension: Procedure, Benefits & Contraindications for Tadasana, Katichakransan, Uttanpadasana, Ardha Halasana,SaralaMatyasana,Gomukhasana,Uttan Mandukasana,Vakrasana,Bhujangasana,Makarasana, Shavasana, Nadishodhanapranayam, Sitlipranayam Asthma: Procedure, Benefits & Contraindications for Tadasana,Urdhwahastottansana,UttanMandukasana, Bhujangasana, Dhanurasana, Ushtrasana, Vakrasana, Kapalbhati, Gomukhasana Matsyaasana, Anuloma-Viloma Back Pain and Arthritis: Procedure, Benefits & Contraindications of Tadasana, Urdhawahastootansana, Ardha-Chakrasana, Ushtrasana, Vakrasana, Sarala Maysyendrsana, Bhujandgasana, Gomukhasana, Bhadrasana, Makarasana, NadiShodhana pranayama Obesity Obesity is that condition of the body in which the amount of fat increases to the extreme level. BMI is helpful for calculating the obesity level.  Copyright © Zaki Saudagar Platform Unit 3 | Yoga as a Preventive Measures a g a r Sa u d Za k i  Copyright © Zaki Saudagar Platform Unit 3 | Yoga as a Preventive Measures a g a r Sa u d Za k i Diabetes Diabetes is a condition that impairs the body’s ability to process blood glucose, otherwise known as blood sugar. Note: Some asanas are already discussed previously in the chapter.  Copyright © Zaki Saudagar Platform Unit 3 | Yoga as a Preventive Measures a g a r Sa u d Za k i Hypertension Hypertension occurs when a person's blood pressure reaches 140/90. This illness may have an effect on the arteries, valves, and other components of the circulatory system. Although it can happen at any age, people between the ages of 30 and 60, as well as those who are obese, are more prone to get it. Note: Some asanas are already discussed previously in the chapter.  Copyright © Zaki Saudagar Platform Unit 3 | Yoga as a Preventive Measures a g a r Sa u d Za k i Asthma Asthma is the disease of liver lungs in which airway become blocked causing difficulty in breathing. Airways also swell up and produce extra mucus. It usually triggered the coughing sneezing or shortness of breath. Note: Some asanas are already discussed previously in the chapter.  Copyright © Zaki Saudagar Platform a g a r Sa u d Za k i Backpain “Physical discomfort occurring anywhere on the spine or back, ranging from mild to disabling” Back pain can have causes that aren't due to underlying disease. Examples include overuse such as working out or lifting too much, prolonged sitting and lying down, sleeping in an uncomfortable position or wearing a poorly fitting backpack. Note: Some asanas are already discussed previously in the chapter.  Copyright © Zaki Saudagar Platform Unit 4 | Physical Education & Sports for CWSN Adaptive or Disability sports Adaptive or disability sports are the type of competitive sports that are designed for individuals with disabilities. These sports are slightly different than normal sports as there may be some modifications in the rules or in the equipment to meet the special needs of the participants. For instance, sled hockey allows the use of sleds for players to sit and play the game. Special Olympics r Eunice Kennedy Shriver founded the Special Olympics Special Olympic Logo: The logo of Special a in 1968. The purpose of the Special Olympics is to Olympics is based on the Sculpture ‘Joy g provide year-round sports training & athletic & Happiness to all Children of the competition in various Olympic-type sports for World’. a youngsters and adults with intellectual disabilities. d It provides opportunities for athletes to develop their u physical fitness, experience the joy of sportsmanship, Sa and participates in sharing gifts, skills, and friendships with their families, community, and other i Special Olympics athletes. k Special Olympic Flame: The torch that is Za Headquarters - Washington DC. carried out & lit at Special Olympic Motto: "Let me win. But if I can't win, let me be brave Games is called as the ‘Flame of Hope’. in the attempt." Governing Body: Special Olympics International 1st Time: Chicago,USA (1968) Recently, Berlin, Germany (2023) Paralympics Paralympic Games or Paralympics is an international Paralympics Logo: The three Agitos multi-sport event for athletes with a range of encircling a central point symbolize disabilities. motion, emphasise the role of the The event usually takes place every two years and Paralympic Movement in bringing athletes almost immediately after the Olympic Games. together from all corners of the world to There are two versions of Paralympic games — Winter compete. and Summer Games. All Paralympic Games are managed by the International Paralympic Committee (IPC). Athletes who participate have a range of disabilities including impaired muscle power, hypertonia, ataxia, vision impairment, intellectual impairment, etc Categories:- Paralympics athletes MOTO "Spirit in Motion" (2004) in Athens. compete in six different disability groups The previous "Mind, Body, Spirit," (1994). — cerebral palsy, amputee, visual Governing Body: International Paralympic committee impairment, intellectual disability, spinal HQ- Bonn, Germany. cord injuries, and " les autres" [athletes whose disability does not fit into one of 1st Time: Rome,Italy Summer (1960) the other categories, like Dwarfism]. Recently, Beijing, China (2022)  Copyright © Zaki Saudagar Platform Unit 4 | Physical Education & Sports for CWSN Deaflympics Deaflympics is an international Olympic event at which Deaflympics Logo: deaf athletes compete. Unlike other paralympic events, It’s logo is inspired by the sign for deaf athletes cannot be guided by sounds like referee Olympics. The circle in the middle whistle, gunshot etc. Therefore, special arrangements represents an eye because deaf are made for the deaf athletes at Deaflympics such as people are very visual. The four waving a flag, using light instead of gunshots etc. colours of the logo i.e. red, green, The Deaflympics are more than just the world’s second yellow and blue represent the four oldest multiple sports after olympics. These games are regional confederations of the r the world’s fastest growing sports events. The International Committee of Sports for a Deaflympics are an equivalent to the Olympic games for Deaf viz. Europe, Asia Pacific, Pan- g deaf athletes. America and Africa. It ties together a the strong elements, sign language, d MOTTO: deaf and international cultures, unity u "PER LUDOS AEQUALITAS" (Equality through sport) and and continuity. Sa sticking to the ideals of the Olympics i The main purpose of Deaflympics is to provide opportunities to person with hearing disability to k participate in elite sports. Za The eligibility criteria to compete at the Deaflympic Games the athletes must have a hearing loss of minimum 55 decibel in their better ear. Hearing aid, cochlear implants etc. are not allowed to be used in the 1st time: Paris (1924) competition. Recently, Brazil (2022) Divisioning in Sports The concept of Classification and Divisioning is a process used in disability sports for providing even and fair competition for athletes with disability through grouping of athletes. The purpose is very much similar to grouping system used in mainstream sports according to their age-group, gender, weight etc. Classificiation in Parlympics 1. Paralympic Games, IPC has developed classification process which can contribute “to sporting excellence for all Athletes and sports in the Paralympic Movement, and providing equitable competition. 2. Classification is undertaken to ensure that an Athlete’s impairment is relevant to sport performance, & to ensure that the Athlete competes equitably with other Athletes” with fair chance to all participant athletes engaging in competitive sports. 3. According to the IPC, the classification process serves 2 roles. The 1st is to determine who is eligible & the second is to group sportspeople for the purpose of competition. 4. The eligibility minimum is an impairment that limits the sports persons ability to participate in an activity & the disability needs to be permanent in nature.  Copyright © Zaki Saudagar Platform Unit 4 | Physical Education & Sports for CWSN Classificiation Process Eligible impairments The 1st step is generally a medical assessment. The 2nd is generally a functional assessment which involves 1. Impaired muscle power two parts: first observing a sportsperson in training and 2. Impaired passive range of movement then observing the sportsperson in competition. 3. Loss of limb or limb deficiency 4. Leg-length difference There are a number of people involved in this process 5. Short stature beyond the sportsperson, including individual classifiers, 6. Hypertonia medical classifiers, technical classifiers, a chief classifier, a 7. Ataxia head of classification, a classification panel and a 8. Athetosis r classification committee. g a Classificiation in Deaflympics d a Special Olympics uses a competitive-level matching or grouping referred to as ‘divisioning’, which is a u fundamental rule at Special Olympics. Sa Athletes in competitions are matched with others of the same gender, about the same age and most importantly, of about the same competitive ability. i The fundamental difference between Special Olympics competitions and those of other sports k organizations is that athletes of all ability levels are encouraged to participate, and every athlete is recognized for his/her performance. Za Competitions are structured so that athletes compete with other athletes of similar ability in equitable divisions. Inclusion in Sports Inclusion is an educational practice where every person can participate equally in all social processes. It is an approach to educating students with special educational needs. In this inclusion approach, students with special needs are fully integrated into the general education classrooms at a school. Implementation of Inclusive education Need of Inclusion Education 1. Proper support is provided in case students 1. The need for Inclusion is very much experience difficulties. there to improve the motor skills of 2. Students should feel that they have somebody to students with disabilities. speak to when they are worried 3. All students are equally valued. 2. Institutions need to provide equal 4. Teachers should make sure that all students chances to every disabled student to participate and learn. participate as per their abilities to boost 5. The school should monitor the participation, and their confidence level. achievement of all students. 6. Teaching must be planned with all students in 3. Normal students get a chance to mind as per their abilities. increase friendships with disabled children. 7. Teaching lessons must encourage the participation Diversified teaching strategies benefit all of all students. students. Children with disabilities learn 8. Ensure that every student is actively involved more from other students, which develops Students are encouraged to support each other in their social and communication skills. learning  Copyright © Zaki Saudagar Platform Unit 4 | Physical Education & Sports for CWSN Strategies to make Physical Activities assessable for CWSN 1. Medical Check-up: If we want to make physical activities accessible for CWSN, we need to understand the type of disabilities of children. For this purpose, a complete medical check-up of the children is required. with helps PE teachers will have difficulty knowing about the type of disability the child is facing. 2. Assistive Technology: It refers to making equipment, devices, or tools that help these children to participate in learning activities like balls with bells, bigger balls, balls attached to strings to bring them back to the students, etc. r 3. Creating a Specific Environment: This means creating a friendly environment by keeping in mind the a specific requirements of disabled children. It shows that they are also required in society, and like other g children their age, they can play. Students with special needs can be provided with specific play areas with a special requirements as needed by them. d 4. Activities Based on Interests: Physical activities must be based on the interests, aptitudes, abilities, u previous experiences, and limitations of children with special needs. Sa 5. Modification of Rules: Rules can be modified according to the needs of the children. They can be i provided extra time or attempt to perform physical activity. k 5. Children's Previous Experience Must be taken into consideration: For making physical activities more Za accessible for children with special needs, the concerned teacher of PE should have an understanding and knowledge of children's previous experience with physical activities. 6.Specialized Equipment: The size, weight, shape, and colour of the playing equipment also have to be customized. Visually handicapped children need brightly coloured equipment, while those with weak muscles need lighter design of equipment. Advantages of Physical activities for CWSN 1. Reduce depression & stress: Physical activities may help reduce depression in children with disabilities. It also reduces their anxiety and stress levels 2. Improve social interaction: Physical activities provide children with ample opportunities for social interaction. Their social relations improve during involvement in these activities. Different types of sports activities lead to increased social integration, friendship, and bonding 3. Many Cognitive benefits: Physical activities lead to cognitive skills such as thinking, reasoning, and remembering. It enables them to discover and access strengths that cannot be challenged in the classroom setting. 4. Fun activities: Physical activities lead to mood benefits. They enjoy social interaction with both the fitness staff and other participants. 5. Increased fitness & Strength levels: Children improve their muscle strength, coordination, and flexibility through regular physical activities. It also enhances better motor skills, balance, and body awareness. Improve health quality: Children have positive health and quality of life changes and raise their self- esteem.  Copyright © Zaki Saudagar Platform Unit 5 | Sports and Nutrition Balanced Diet Nutrition A diet which consists of all essential food Nutrition is is a dynamic process which constituent viz , protein, carbohydrate, fat, comprises consumption of food to remain vitamins, minerals and water in correct proportion healthy and it is essentially the process of is called balanced diet nourishing or being nourished. Nutrients r Macro Micro g a CARBS a PROTEIN VITAMINS d FAT MINERALS u WATER k i Nutritive Component of Diet Sa Non- Nutritive Component of Diet Za CARBS FIBERS / ROUGHAGE PROTEIN FAT & WATER COLOR COMPOUND VITAMINS FLAVORS MINERALS PLANT PRODUCTS Carbs Protein Fats It is the most important source It contain carbon hydrogen oxygen Fat contain carbon Oxygen and of energy , it contain the nitrogen and sometime sulphur hydrogen. It keep us warm and element of carbon hydrogen they are large molecules so that protect our organs and also help in and oxygen carbohydrate are they cannot directly absorbed into production of hormones. actually the organic compound our blood they are turned into Types of fat - that are important for amino acid by our digestive Saturated fat - it will increase of different digestive operation in system. Body required only 0.36 cholesterol in body our body. gram of protein per pound of the Unsaturated fat - it will lower the Simple carbohydrate - These ideal body weight. level of cholesterol in our body are soluble in water and are crystalline in nature they are sweet interest and are called sugar Ex - glucose fructose Water sucrose lactose etc. Complex carbohydrate - These It is made up of hydrogen and oxygen it will help in transportation of are not soluble in water and nutrient to the cell of the body and also important for the excretion of they are not sweeter in taste waste product. also it is not a crystalline. Ex - It will also regulate the body temperature and play a vital role for starch ,glycogen and cellulose various chemical reaction take place in our body.  Copyright © Zaki Saudagar Platform Unit 5 | Sports and Nutrition Minerals Vitamins Mineral (nutrient) In the context of nutrition, a They are the chemical which are required in very small mineral is a chemical element required as an amount to keep our body healthy. essential nutrient by organisms to perform functions necessary for life. Fat Soluble vitamins : Macro minerals : Calcium , potassium , sodium , Vitamin A , Vitamin D , Vitamin E , Vitamin K magnesium , phosphorus Water soluble vitamins Micro minerals : Iodine , iron , chromium , copper , Vitamins B complex : Vitamin cobalt B1,B2,B3,B5,B6,B12,B9,B7 & Vitamin C a g a r Sa u d Za k i Roughage Aka: Fibres. It mainly consists of water, thus adding volume to the food by improving intestinal function and controlling hunger. It does not cause constipation and helps resolve large intestine disorders. These fibers help in reducing certain cancers and heart diseases. Color Compound Flavors Plant Product At present foods are made more Nowadays, foods are made more These are compounds extracted attractive by using various color flavorful and attractive by from plants that are non- compounds or pigments in many extracting and producing the nutritive substances. Some of foods and dishes, which are also essence from various other chemical these components have a good appetizing. There are also colors products which has harmful effects effect on health, like preventing produced from animal products and on health. The flavor compounds are cancers, whereas some have natural color pigments produced produced from both nutritive and harmful effects when taken in from fruits and vegetables. non-nutritive components. excess.  Copyright © Zaki Saudagar Platform Unit 5 | Sports and Nutrition Healthy Weight Food Intolerance Healthy weight is considered to be the one that It means the individual element of certain foods that is between 18.5 and 24.9 according to BMI. If cannot be properly preceded and absorbed by our the BMI is between 25 and 29 an adult is digestive system considered overweight. If the BMI is 30 or Causes - Because of the absence of activities of enzyme responsible for breaking down and absorbing greater the person is considered to be a obese the food element Symptoms - stomach pain vomiting headache nervousness Method to control healthy body : Pitfall of Dieting g a r 1. Set an appropriate goal for weight loss Common Pitfalls of Dieting for an Event. Diets that 2. Cut your calories and live in active lifestyle severely restrict caloric intake may offer results, but a 3. Do regular exercise like gym yoga they trigger a “starvation response” in which the d 4. Avoid fatty foods junk foods and fast foods body slows down its metabolic rate to conserve u 5. Do not eat smaller meals frequently energy. The loss of muscle tissue is responsible for Sa 6. Balancing the intake of calories and lowering our metabolic rate. expenditures of calories Extreme reduction of calories and skipping meals i Restriction of several meals in our dieting like k carbohydrate and fat Intake of calories through beverages like drinks. Za Not exercising regularly in the dieting Food Myths ‘There are several food methods which are prevailing not only in India but all over the world.’ 1.Potato make you fat Importance of Diet in Sports 2.Fat free product will help you in losing weight 3.Eggs increases cholesterol level 4. Drinking while eating make you fat Diet plays a pivotal role in an athlete’s performance and 5. Don't take milk immediately after eating the overall well-being.Proper nutrition is essential during all fish stages of sports, including preparation, competition, and recovery. Post Competition Diet Pre-Competition Diet During Competition Diet - After the competition, recovery is a top priority to replenish depleted nutrients and repair muscles. - Before the event, athletes should Staying hydrated is focus on consuming nutrient-rich paramount during sports -Consuming a combination of foods to optimize energy levels and activities to prevent carbohydrates and proteins within the endurance. performance decline. first 30 minutes is vital for muscle - Carbohydrates should be the Easily digestible glycogen restoration and repair. mainstay, providing a steady source carbohydrates, like sports of fuel for muscles. drinks and energy gels, - Antioxidant-rich foods aid in reducing - Lean proteins aid in muscle repair help maintain energy levels. inflammation and supporting the immune and recovery while also supporting Some athletes may benefit system. immune function. from consuming small, - Hydration continues to be essential, as - Adequate hydration is crucial. easily digestible snacks athletes lose significant amounts of fluid - Athletes should aim to maintain during prolonged events. during intense activities. optimal fluid levels.  Copyright © Zaki Saudagar Platform Unit 6 | Test & Measurements in Sports Fitness Test – SAI Khelo India Fitness Test in school: Fitness defines the ability to perform physical activity and encompasses a wide range of abilities. Each activity and sports requires a specific set of skills, and so being fit for an activity or a sport does not necessarily make a person fit for another. Fitness is generally divided into specific fitness categories or components, and each can be tested and trained individually. Fitness Test r Age group 9-18 yrs/ class 4-12 a Age group 5-8 yrs/ class 1-3 g BMI, 50mt Speed test, 600mt a BMI, Flamingo Run/Walk, Sit & Reach flexibility d Balance Test, test, Strength Test (Abdominal Plate Tapping u Test Partial Curl Up, Push-Ups for boys, Sa Modified Push-Ups for girls). k i BMI Plate Tapping Za Body Composition refers primarily to the Purpose: It measures speed & distribution of muscle and fat in the body. coordination of limb movement of Body size such as height, lengths and girths children. are also grouped under this component. Equipment: Table (adjustable height),2 The test performed is Body Mass Index yellow discs (20cm diameter),Rectangle (BMI), which is calculated from body Weight (30 x 20 cm),Stopwatch (W) and Height (H) such as: Procedure: If possible, the table height should be adjusted so that the subject is standing comfortably in front of the discs. The two yellow discs are placed Where: W = body weight in kg & H = height with their centers 60 cm apart on the Plate Tapping Method in m. The higher the score usually indicating table. The rectangle is placed equidistant higher levels of body fat. between both discs. The non-preferred Equipments Required: hand is placed on the rectangle. The Flat, Clean surface, Weighing subject moves the preferred hand back & Machine, Stadiometer/Measuring Tape forth between the discs over the hand in pasted on a wall the middle as quickly as possible.This action is repeated for 25 full cycles (50 Flamingo Balance taps). Flamingo Balance Test Purpose It measures the ability to balance successfully on a single leg. This single-leg balance test assesses the strength of the leg, pelvic, and trunk muscles as well as static balance. Equipment Required: Non- Slippery even surface,Stopwatch, can be done just standing on the beam Procedure: Stand on the beam. Keep balance by holding the instructor's hand (if required to start). While balancing on the preferred leg, the free leg is flexed at the knee and the foot of this leg is held close to the buttocks.Start the watch as the instructor lets go of the participant/subject.Pause the stopwatch each time the subject loses balance (either by falling off the beam or letting go of the foot being held). Resume over, again timing until they lose balance. Count the number of falls in 60 seconds of balancing.If there are more than 15 falls in the first 30 seconds, the test is terminated.  Copyright © Zaki Saudagar Platform Unit 6 | Test & Measurements in Sports 50m Standing Test 600m Run Test Purpose - to determine the speed. Purpose - To measure endurance Equipment- measuring tape or Marked track , Equipment - 600 metre track and stopwatch Stopwatch Procedure - the subject clicks the position of standing Procedure - The test involves running a single right behind the starting line. At the signal of ‘ GO ‘ maximum sprint over 50 meters, with the time the subject starts running 600 yard distance. Time is recorded. A thorough warm up should be given, recorded in minute and seconds including some practice starts and accelerations. Start from a stationary standing position (hands cannot touch the ground), with one foot in front of Sit and Reach the other. r Abdominal Curl Test Purpose - to measure the flexibility of hip region including back and hamstring a Equipment - Sit and reach box g Purpose - To test the strength and endurance of Procedure - This test involves sitting on the floor with a abdominal muscles legs stretched out straight ahead. Shoes should be d Equipment - a flat clean and cushioned surface, removed. The soles of the feet are placed flat against the box. Both knees should be locked and pressed flat u recording sheet Procedure - The starting position is lying on the back to the floor, the tester may assist by holding them Sa with the knees flexed and feet 12 inches from the down. With the palms facing downwards, and the hands buttocks. The feet cannot be held or rest against an on top of each other or side by side, the subject i object. The arms are extended and are rested on the reaches forward along the measuring line as far as possible. Ensure that the hands remain at the same k thighs. The head is in a neutral position. The subject level, not one reaching further forward than the other. Za curls up with a slow controlled movement, until the student's shoulders come off the mat two inches, then After some practice reaches, the subject reaches out back down again. One complete curl-up is completed and holds that position for at one-two seconds while every three seconds (1.5 seconds up and 1.5 seconds the distance is recorded. Make sure there are no jerky down, with no hesitation), and are continued until movements. exhaustion (e.g. the subject cannot maintain the rhythm). There is no pause in the up or down position, Pushup Test-Girls the curl-ups should be continuous with the abdominal muscles engaged throughout Purpose - to measure the upper body strength & endurance Pushup Test-Boys Equipment - set and reach box Procedure : Begin in a kneeling position on a mat with Purpose - To measure upper body strength & endurance hands below shoulders and knees behind hips so back Equipment - floor mat record sheet is angled and long.Tuck toes under, tighten Procedure - A standard push-up begins with the hands abdominals, & bend elbows to lower chest toward the and toes touching the floor, the body and legs in a floor. Keep your gaze in front of your fingertips so straight line, feet slightly apart, the arms at shoulder- neck stays long.Press chest back up to start width apart, extended and at a right angle to the body. position.Repeat for desired number of repetitions. Keeping the back and knees straight, the subject lowers the body to a predetermined point, to touch the ground or some other object, or until there is a 90-degree angle at the elbows, then returns back to the starting position with the arms extended. This action is repeated without rest, and the test continues until exhaustion, or until they can do no more in rhythm or have reached the target number of push-ups. Abdominal Curl Test Sit & Reach Test 50m or 600m Test Push-Up Test Modified Push-Up Test  Copyright © Zaki Saudagar Platform Unit 6 | Test & Measurements in Sports Measurement of Cardio -Vascular Fitness Cardiovascular fitness refers to the ability of our heart, lungs & organs to consume, transport and utilize oxygen. The maximum volume of oxygen our body can consume and use is our VO, Max. When we exercise regularly, we can increase our cardiovascular fitness as our heart becomes more efficient at pumping blood and oxygen to the body, & the body becomes more efficient at using that oxygen. Harved Step Test r The purpose of this test is to predict a clients aerobic fitness a using a simple test with minimal equipment. g Equipment required: Step or platform 50.8 cm high, stopwatch, metronome or cadence tape. a Procedure: The client steps up onto, & back down from the step d at a rate of 30 completed steps per minute (one second up, one u second down) for 5 minutes or until exhaustion. Exhaustion is Sa defined as when the client cannot maintain the stepping rate for 15 continuous seconds. The client immediately sits down on i completion of the test, and the total number of their heart k beats are counted from 1 to 1½ minutes after finishing and from 2 to 2½ minutes after finishing and finally from 3 to 3½ minutes Za after finishing. The client's heart beats are counted through feeling the client's pulse at their wrist. Scoring: the clients fitness index score is then determined by the following equations. Fitness Index = (100 x test duration in seconds) divided by (2 x sum of heart beats in the recovery periods) Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) is the number of calories our body needs to accomplish its most basic (basal) life-sustaining functions such as breathing, circulation, nutrient processing and cell production. Around 60-75% of our daily calories are burned during these processes. It is the rate of one's metabolism when waking up in the morning after fasting during sleep. The BMR is enough energy for the brain and central nervous system, heart, kidneys, liver, lungs, muscles, sex organs, and skin to function properly. In fact, their BMR is usually faster to accommodate for extra fat and for their body to work harder to perform normal body functions. Building lean muscle mass can increase BMR, but there is a limit for both men and women as to how much lean muscle mass can be built. Some supplements may increase BMR, but also only to a limit, and they may have serious side effects.  Copyright © Zaki Saudagar Platform Unit 6 | Test & Measurements in Sports Rikli and Jones test [ For Senior Citizen ] The Rikli & Jones Senior Fitness Test is a standardised assessment tool used to evaluate the physical fitness of older adults aged 60 years and older. The test includes physical performance measures, including strength, flexibility, balance, endurance and coordination. The results can be used to identify areas of physical fitness that need improvement and to develop personalised exercise programs to help seniors maintain or improve physical health. Chair Stand Test Arm Curl Test Chair Sit & Reach a g a r Purpose - To measure the lower body strength Sa u d Purpose - To measure the upper Purpose - To measure the flexibility of i Equipment - chair with the straight body strength and endurance lower body k back and seat of at least 44 cm & Equipment - 5 pound weight for Equipment - A sturdy chair without stopwatch women and 8 pound weight for men, arms, a ruler or measuring tape & a Za Procedure : The person stands up chair without arms and stopwatch flat surface are required for the test. from the chair and sits down again Procedure : The arm must be fully as many times as possible in a bent and then fully straightened at Prcedure: The person reaches forward given time frame, usually 30 the elbow. The protocol for the along the ruler or measuring tape with seconds. The movements should be AAHPERD test describes the both hands, keeping the legs straight smooth and controlled, without administrator's hand being placed on and the feet flat on the floor. The using the arms to push off the the biceps, and the lower arm must person should reach as far as possible chair or to balance. The feet should touch the tester's hand for a full without bending the knees and hold the always stay in contact with the bicep curl to be counted. Repeat this position for at least 2 seconds. The floor. Repeat the test 2 times on action as many times as possible distance reached is recorded in each leg. within 30 seconds. centimetres or inches. Back Scratch Test Eight foot up & go Test Purpose - To measure the flexibility of shoulder or upper body Equipment - ruler back stretch test Procedure : This test is done in the Purpose: This test measures speed, agility and balance while moving. standing position. Place one hand behind Equipment required: stopwatch, straight back or folding chair (about 17 the head and back over the shoulder, inches), cone marker, measuring tape, area clear of obstacles. and reach as far as possible down the Procedure: The person stands up from the chair, walks forward three middle of your back, your palm touching metres, turns around and walks back to the chair. The time taken is your body and the fingers directed recorded using a timer. The movements should be smooth and controlled, downwards. without excessive speed or hurry.  Copyright © Zaki Saudagar Platform Unit 6 | Test & Measurements in Sports 6 min Walk Test Purpose: This test helps to assess the aerobic fitness or aerobic endurance of a person which is an essential component for walking distances, stair climbing, shopping, sightseeing, etc. Equipment Required: A measuring tape, a stopwatch. Procedure: The walking distance or course is marked i.e., 45.72 m or 50 yards in a rectangular area (20 × 5 yards) of 5 yards with cones placed at regular intervals to indicate the distance covered. Efforts are made to walk maximum distance as quickly as possible in six r minutes. A practice trial is given to the participant. He may stop any time if he desires so. Johnsen-Methney test of Motor Educability d a g a u Purpose: The Metheny-Johnson test is actually a test used to evaluate the physical abilities of athletes, & it Sa measures factors such as strength, agility, and speed. It may indirectly assess some aspects of neuromuscular function. i This Test consist of four motor stunts are given below: 1. Front Roll k 2. Back Roll Za 3. Jumping Half-Turns 4. Jumping Full-Turns TEST AREA: Mat area length is 15 feet and it is 2 feet wide And the 15 feet length divided into 10 sections. Front Roll: Ignoring the long middle dividing Jumping Half Turns: The subject is asked to start with feet on line, the subject is asked to start outside the first 3 inch line, jump with both feet to second 3 inch wide line, marked area and perform two front rolls, one executing a half turn. either right or left; jump to third 3 inch upto 7.5' i.e. 3" wide centre line and the line executing half turn in opposite direction to first half-turn other in the second half of 7.5. The subject is and then to 4th and 5th 3" wide lines executing half turns, right to perform the rolls without touching the or left alternatively. limits or over reaching the zones mentioned Scoring: Perfect execution of four jumps is worth ten points. Only above. 2 points are deducted for each wrong jump when the subject Scoring: Each correct roll gets 5 points, hence either does not land with both feet on the 3 inch line or turns maximum of 10 points. Two points are the wrong way or both. deducted for over reaching side line, right or left for each roll; one point is deducted for Jumping Full Turns: The subject is asked to start with the feet over reaching the end limit on each roll and outside the marked area at about the centre of the lane. full five points are deducted when the subject He/She is required to jump with feet together to second fails to perform a true front roll. rectangular space, executing a full turn with the body either Back Roll: The test is similar to front roll both right or left; continue jumping to alternate rectangular spaces in performing and scoring. The subject is to across the marked mat executing full turns, rotating body in the start outside the marked chart area and is to same direction, landing on both feet every time. 'perform two back rolls in the 2 feet lane Scoring: Perfect execution of five jumps is worth ten points. Two area, one upto first half and the second back points are deducted, if the subject fails to keep balance on roll in the second half landing on both feet, turns too far or oversteps the squares.  Copyright © Zaki Saudagar Platform Unit 7 | Physiology & Injuries in Sports Physiology The study of how our body responds to physical exertion is known as Physiology. When we talk about human physiology, we generally concentrate on the body's skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, metabolic, respiratory, digestive, urinary and reproductive systems, all of which are influenced by exercise in some way. Skeletal muscles factor a r Type I fibres/Slow Twitch Fibers Type II fibres/Fast Twitch Fibers a g Type I fibres, also known as slow twitch fibres or slow Type II fibres, also known as a rapid twitch or fast d oxidative fibres, have more capillaries, more myoglobin glycolytic fibres, have a low aerobic capacity and u and more mitochondrial enzymes than rapid twitch fatigue tolerance due to fewer mitochondria, despite a fibres, which improves aerobic activity and fatigue having a high concentration of glycolytic enzymes that S tolerance. The fibres turn red and there is a bigger promote anaerobic activity. They may produce energy ki flow of blood since there are more capillaries present. without a blood supply, fast twitch fibres are lighter in These fibres contract slowly and stay constricted for colour than slow twitch fibres. Such fibres can generate longer periods of time, releasing considerable amounts little amount of energy quickly, contract quickly, tear Za of energy without tiring. Slow-twitch fibres are easily and use a lot of energy. It is useful for beneficial in long-distance sports such as cycling, anaerobic exercises such as sprinting, throwing and swimming and running. jumping. Endurance Strength 1. Aerobic capacity 1. Size of muscles 2. Lactic acid tolerance 2. Body weight 3. Movement economy 3. Muscle composition 4. Muscle composition 4. Intensity of nervous impulse Physiological factors determining the components of physical Flexibility fitness Speed 1. Muscle strength 1. Mobility of nervous system 2. Age and gender 2. Muscle composition 3. Stretchability of muscle 3. Explosive strength 4. Internal environment 4. Flexibility 5. Previous injury  Copyright © Zaki Saudagar Platform Unit 7 | Physiology & Injuries in Sports Effects of Exercises on Cardiorespiratory System 1. Increase the size of heart Effects of Exercises on Muscular System 2. Decrease in resting heart rate 1. Change in shape and size of muscles 3. Increases blood flow 2. Formation of more capillaries 4. Decrease in blood pressure 3. Control extra fat 5. Increase in blood volume 4. Increases food storage 6. Decrease in rate of respiration 5. Exercise and its health benefits 7. Increase in endurance 6. Non functioning fibre become actives 8. Increase lungs efficiency 7. Efficiency and movement of muscles 8. Body posture remain correct a r Physiological changes due to Aging a g Ageing is characterized by the progressive degeneration of organ systems and tissues. It is largely d determined by genetics and influenced by a wide range of environmental factors, such as diet, exercise, u exposure to micro-organisms and pollutants. Sa 1. Muscular Strength: It is defined as the maximal force that a muscle or muscle group can generate. 2. Neural Function: A nearly 40% decline in the number of spinal cord axons and a 10% decline in nerve i conduction velocity reflects the cumulative effects of ageing on central nervous system functioning. k 3. Pulmonary Function: Mechanical constraints on the pulmonary system progress with age to cause Za deterioration 4. Cardiovascular Function: Cardiovascular function and aerobic capacity do not escape age-related effects. Sports Injuries Sports injuries are caused during sports activities. These can also occur by recent trauma of a certain body location. Athletes' commitment to active participation in sports and fitness has always been disrupted or has resulted in traumatic experiences due to various forms of injuries. Injuries can occur as a result of incorrect movement, hitting or colliding with equipment, violent sporting manoeuvres such as diving and sliding, overtraining, or a lack of conditioning. Types of Injuries Soft Tissue Injuries Dislocation of Joint 1. Abrasion Bone Fracture 1. Shoulder 2. Contusion 2. Wrist 3. Laceration 1. Green-Stick 3. Ankle 4. Incision 2. Comminuted 4. Finger 5. Sprain 3. Transverse 5. Hip 6. Strain 4. Oblique 5. Impacted  Copyright © Zaki Saudagar Platform Unit 7 | Physiology & Injuries in Sports Strain: It can be mild as vessels Contusion: Direct head or severe. It can be occur at any Sprain: It is the alignment without any sports equipment time during the practice or injury. It may occur due to can main cause of it. It is due competition it is caused by overstretching or tearing of to the minor accident twisting or pulling of muscles ligament a g a r Sa u d i Laceration: Deep cuts may Incision: An incision in cut made Abrasions are injuries to the reveal underlying tissues such into the tissues of the body to k most superficial layers of the as fat, muscle, bone, or expose the underlying tissue, Za skin due to friction. tendons. bone or organ. Soft Tissue Injuries Types of Fracture Injuries Greenstick: A greenstick Comminuted: A fracture in Transverse: This can be found fracture occurs when a bone which a bone is broken, splinted among broken bones. They are fractures and bends rather or crushed into a number of parallel to your bone and than totally fracturing into pieces is said to be a horizontal (opposite the direction fragments. comminuted fracture. of your bone). Oblique: This fractures can Impacted: This occurs when the occur in broken bones. They force of the injury drives the occur when one of your bones fractured ends of the bone into is shattered at an angle. one another.  Copyright © Zaki Saudagar Platform Unit 8 | Biomechanics and Sports Biomechanics Biomechanics is the science of movement of a living body, including how muscles, bones, tendons, and ligaments work together to produce movement. Biomechanics is the combination of two words- bio and mechanics. Bio means, something pertaining to living beings or life, whereas Mechanics is the branch of physics which studies movement or motion of an object or body with the help of mechanical principles. Thus, when the study of mechanics is limited to living structures and their function, especially the human body, it is called biomechanics. Newtons Law of Motion a r 1st law of Motion 2nd law of Motion 3rd law of Motion According to Newton’s first law of motion, a body at rest will continue d According to this law, the rate of u change in acceleration of an object a g According to this law, every action has an equal and opposite reaction. Sa to be at rest and a body in motion is directly proportional to the force will continue to be in motion at the producing it and inversely This implies that forces do not work i same speed and in the same proportional to its mass. alone they actually act in equal and k direction unless any external force is In case two unequal forces are opposite pairs between the bodies in applied on it, in order to change its applied to objects of equal masses, contact. This law explains what Za state. the object on which a greater force happens to a body when it applies a is applied will move faster. force on another body. Also called Law of Interia Also called Law of Reaction. Example: Also called Law of Acceleration or A moving football first slows down momentum. Example: and then stops. It comes to rest due