PE Mid Term Files PDF

Physical EDUCATION-XII MANAGEMENT OF UNIT I SPORTING EVENTS Overview WW Functions of Sports Events Management (Planning, Organising, Staffing, Directing Controlling) WW Various Committees and their Responsibilities (pre; during and post) WW Fixtures and its procedures – Knock-Out (Bye and Seeding) and League (Staircase and Cyclic) WW Intramural and Extramural – Meaning, Objectives and its Significance WW Community Sports – Purpose and benefits After completing the study of the unit, you will be able to: WW describe the functions of Sports Event Management WW classify the committees and its responsibilities in sports event WW differentiate the different type of tournament WW prepare fixtures of knock out and league WW distinguish between intramural and extramural sports events WW design community sports program 1 Physical EDUCATION-XII Q. Have you heard about fixtures in sports? Discuss in your group and share your views with the class. 1.1 Functions of Sports Events Management Planning Planning is the foremost function in sports as it gives a view of future course of action. To be effective, a plan should be specific, logical, flexible and complete in all aspects and should assist in controlling future events. A plan must comprehend all the other functions of management like organising, staffing, directing and controlling in order to achieve the predetermined goals. In sports and sports events, planning plays important role to make the event run smoothly, effectively and remain free from conflict. Effective planning must clearly define aims, goals and objectives of the event. It should also explain the procedure or method to achieve the target in simple and easy to understand language. A sports plan should be prepared in a professional manner incorporating the elements of commitment, enjoyment and voluntary effort. 2 Physical EDUCATION-XII Organising Organising is a next step after planning. It is a process of execution of the plan. This includes distributing resources and organising personnel in order to achieve the goals established in the planning stage. Organising stage determines the type of jobs and responsibility to achieve planning objectives. Preparation of organisation chart with various positions and reporting should be illustrated in this stage. Staffing This refers to identifying key staff positions, and ensuring that proper talent is serving that specific job duty in order to achieve the aims and objectives of an organization. In this process recruitment and selection of qualified employees take place. After hiring personnel, orientation, training and professional development are also parts of this stage. In orientation new persons are introduced to the nature, goals and policies of events to keep them tuned in to the goals of the organisation. Various training programmes are conducted to provide professional training to the staff at this stage. In sports events, recruitment of staff as per organisation’s needs should be done. Example, the apex post may be for Director of the event, in second line Deputy Director and then Assistant Director of Sports event may be created. Directing Directing personnel is a leadership quality, and includes letting staff know what needs to be done, by whom and also by when. It includes supervision of personnel while simultaneously motivating them. Without directing, planning or organising has no meaning. It is a function of guiding, inspiring and instructing people to accomplish organizational goals. Controlling Controlling refers to all the processes that leaders create to monitor success. It involves establishing performance standards, measuring actual performance and comparing them for irregularities. It is a important function of management as controlling involves imparting instructions to employees and also ensuring that those instructions are followed. To organise any sports event, instructions given to members of the organising committee towards achieving common goal i.e., organising a sports event in this case, must be carried out sincerely for an event to be successful. Higher order management people control lower order people to ensure efficient and effective use to resources. 3 Physical EDUCATION-XII I. Tick the correct option. 1. The basic function of management is: a. controlling b. budgeting c. planning d. organising 2. In which of the following functions of sports event management “recruitment process” take place? a. Planning b. Staffing c. Controlling d. Directing II. Answer the following questions briefly. 1. Explain the role of planning in organizing Sports Event. 2. Why controlling function is important in sports event management. III. Answer the following in 150-200 words 1. Elaborate the functions of sports event management. 1.2 Formation of Committees To organise any sports event, various committees are formed for its systematic and smooth conduct. As we have discussed earlier, to conduct sports events lots of professional planning and preparation is required. Formation of committees should be based on three levels of management – top, middle and lower levels. Depending upon the level or area of the sports event, suitable people are chosen for staffing various committees. Example, for an intramural event, members of the governing body or the Principal will remain the top level of management, whereas in an extramural event, the Director/Deputy Director/Supervisor of the state/ zone may be at the top level of management. They prepare polices or aims and objectives of the sports event. Middle level of Management consists of department heads, physical education teachers etc, to execute policies and achieve aims and objectives. The Lower level of management consists of teachers, administrators, finance officers etc. They implement the orders and directives of the top level. 4 Physical EDUCATION-XII Hierarchy of Organising Committee to conduct Intramural Event in School/ institution Chairperson (Principal of School) Convener (Physical Education Teacher) Members (Teachers of School) Head Boy/Girl (Sports Secretary/President) Hierarchy of Organising Committee to conduct Extramural Event in Schools/ institutions Director of Physical Education and Sports in State Government (Chairperson) Deputy Director/Assistant Director/Supervisor Sports (Convener) Physical Education Teachers of different Schools (Members) There is no fixed number of committees to be constituted to organise a sports event; it depends on the number of participants, level of event, area of specialization, dedication of volunteers etc. By and large we can formulate 4 committees under an organising committee. Look at the following chart to study their details of work and their responsibilities. 5 Physical EDUCATION-XII 1.2.1 Technical Committee This committee covers the technical aspect of the events like requisitions to procure sports equipment, conducting matches on time through selected officials (referees, umpires, judges, timekeepers etc.) for their respective games/sports. Pre-sports event/ tournament: Before the event, it is the job of the Technical Committee to put forward a requisition to purchase equipment, invitation and confirmation from officials to conduct sports event, cleaning and layout of the fields, arrangement of equipment and stationery, preparation of fixtures, rules and regulation of the sports event. During sports event/ tournament: While the tournament is in progress, the Technical Committee is responsible for conducting matches, presence of the jury, cleaning and layout of the fields, collection of score sheets and other related papers from officials, preparation of merit list, etc. Post sports event/ tournament: After the event is over, the Technical Committee arranges for the cleaning and layout of the fields, maintenance of the field, and placing of all equipment back to store. 1.2.2 Logistics Committee This committee has a wider scope of work ranging from transportation, boarding and lodging to refreshment, decoration and conducting ceremonies that form a part of the event. This committee may have various sub-committees as per requirement. The Logistics Committee looks after the Opening Ceremony, hires photographer/ videographer, makes arrangements for the Victory Ceremony and the Closing Ceremony including arrangement of refreshment, decoration, reception, entertainment, light and sound, medical aspect etc. Pre sports event/ tournament: It is the duty of the Logistics Committee to look after Placement/Arrangement/Requisition of purchase of stationery, chairs, tables, 6 Physical EDUCATION-XII souvenirs, light and sound equipment, bouquets, sending invitations to stakeholders including other schools/ institutions and VIP guests, requisition of purchase of medals and certificates, arrangement of refreshments, arrangement of boarding and lodging, selection of volunteers, preparation of first aid kit and arrangement of medical facilities. During sports event/ tournament: While the event is in progress, the Logistics Committee is responsible for the conduct of the Opening and Closing Ceremonies, checking registration, distribution of refreshment, management of spectators, handing over of medals and certificates, transportation of players/participants from place of stay to the field and back. Post sports event/ tournament: After the event, the Logistics Committee supervises cleaning of the venue, and placing of the items back in their appointed places. 1.2.3 Finance Committee The role of the Finance Committee is primarily to provide financial oversight for the event. It is involved in all aspects related to the finances of the sports event like planning, accounting, decision-making etc. Finalization of sponsorship, keeping an eye on inflow and outflow of finances, purchase of equipment and other items required for conducting the event, settling payments of officials are key areas of focus of the committee. It is the backbone of the sports tournament. It pitches to different companies and attracts them for sponsorships for the event. Pre sports event/ tournament: Before the event, It is the responsibility of Finance Committee to prepare the budget, to purchase sports equipment, stationery, medals, certificates, and other requirements as desired by the other committees, as well as preparing and finalizing the MoU with sponsors. During sports event/ tournament: During the course of the event, the Finance Committee keeps a check on the outflow and inflow of finances including payment and remuneration to officials. Post sports event/ tournament: Once the event is over, the Finance Committee examines all records related to settlement of the bills and accounts, and prepares the financial report. 1.2.4 Marketing Committee The Marketing Committee develops plans and strategies to place the event in the market with the purpose of generating publicity and sponsorships. Publicity can 7 Physical EDUCATION-XII be done through various modes like social media, print media, TV, e-mail etc. and sponsorship can be generated in terms of cash or kind by making media partners, food partners, drink partners etc. through calling on, meeting various companies etc. Marketing Committee also organises campaigns related to the event. Pre sports event/ tournament: The Marketing Committee prepares a strategy for arranging for sponsorships, publicity of the event, arranging meetings or calling on sponsors, preparation of MoUs for sponsorships etc. During sports event/ tournament: The Marketing Committee issues press release(s), works with media, manages methods of communication, fulfils the requirements of sponsors as per MoUs, arrangement for telecast of event etc. Post sports event/ tournament: Once the event is over, the Committee issues a press release, and may arrange for a re-telecast of the event. Do You Know? Check list to organising a sports event 1. Formation of Organising Committees 2. Establishment of Objectives 3. Theme of the event 4. Date of the event 5. Place of the event 6. Budget 7. Sponsorship 8. Marketing (Campaign) 9. Invitations to teams and guests 10. Conformation of teams 11. Logistics (Accommodations, Refreshments, Transportation, Medical Staff, Water, table, chairs, flags, notice board) 12. Checking on the sponsors 13. Drawing Fixtures and layout of field 14. Rules and Regulations 15. Arrangement of Equipment and score sheets 16. Arrangement of Referees and Prizes 17. Direction to the stadium (Sign posts) 18. Briefing of Volunteers and staff 19. Decorations 8 Physical EDUCATION-XII 20. Practice and warm up Area 21. Security 22. Photographers 23. Approvals License and NOCs Extension Activity Working in groups, write a Press Release to be issued by your school regarding the District Badminton Championship hosted by your school. I. Tick the correct option 1. The Committee responsible for liaison with Print media is the ____________ Committee. a. Technical b. Logistics c. Marketing d. Finance 2. Purchase of sports equipment is a work of the ________________ Committee. a. Technical b. Logistics c. Marketing d. Finance 3. Publication of rules and regulations should be done ___________________. a. Pre event b. During event c. Post event d. Any time during the event II. Answer the following questions briefly: 1. What should be the role of technical committee while organizing the event. 2. Explain the role of marketing committee during the event. 9 Physical EDUCATION-XII 1.3 Fixtures & its procedures In sports, an individual generally supports a particular team or player to win the game. Winning helps that team or player reach the next round, and after a specified number of matches, a player or a team wins the Championship. While watching a tournament, you would have seen sometimes a player or team lose a game, and get eliminated from the tournament. However, in some tournaments they remain in the game despite losing. Why is this so? Basically, there are different types of fixtures in different tournaments based on duration, cost, manpower, level, interest etc. that you will study here. 1.3.1 Tournaments Tournament is a series of games or matches played among players or teams to determine the winner. It provides an opportunity to demonstrate skills, evaluate one’s performance and motivate players to perform well, attract people towards sports to make sports popular and provide healthy entertainment. There are various types of tournament formats based on advancement or elimination criteria of players or teams. Study the three tournament formats listed below. Knock – Out Tournament: In a Knock-Out Tournament a player or team continues to play matches until it is defeated. In this type of format, players or teams have to consistently give their best performance to avoid elimination. Such a tournament saves cost and time and makes each match intensive because of fear of elimination. Since fixtures are drawn on the basis of lots, there is the possibility of a match between two good teams or players even in the early stages. In this system a good team can be eliminated even at the earliest stage due to getting defeated by chance or by accident. League or Round Robin: In League or Round Robin Tournament, a player or team will play the matches that are allotted before the start of the tournament. Fixed number of matches are given to players and teams. Players or teams will get equal chance to play with each other. Thus, the true winner emerges from this format and ranking can be prepared for all participating players or teams. However, this format involves more money, time and facilities as compared to the Knock-Out Tournament and there is no provision of seeding for extraordinary teams and players. Combination: They are the combination of Knock-Out and League format. Depending upon the need and importance of the tournament, Combination Tournaments can 10 Physical EDUCATION-XII be Knockout- League, League-Knockout, Knockout-League-Knockout etc. These tournaments are conducted when there are (a) a large number of participants, (b) participants are spread in different areas, (c) venues are in different zones/places etc. In this format some of the demerits of Knockout and League Tournaments can be eliminated. 1.3.2 Fixtures, Byes and Seeding We have learned about three types of tournaments, Now we will study how we can draw the fixtures. In sports, the term fixtures refers to the programme listing which team (Team A) will play whom (Team B), where (venue), and when (time). Definitions: A fixture is “a sports event or its date.” “A sports match that has been arranged for a particular time and place” ‘Fixture is a process of arrangement of the teams in systematic order in various groups for competitive fights for physical activity’. Thus, tie or fixture or heat include multiple and progressive matches. In athletics and swimming the term Heats is used, in Tennis, badminton and other games we frequently use the terms Ties or Fixtures. For any tournament, unbiased draws of fixtures is a road towards the success. First, let us understand the words “bye” and “seed”. Bye - means a team is not required to participate in the primary round due to allotment of draws. It should be given to any participating team through random lottery system. In a tournament, bye is generally assigned to teams by the organizing committee not to play a round due to one of the several reasons: hh Uneven distribution of teams in tournament (In knock out tournament, number of teams equals to power of two [e.g., 8, 16, 32, 64, ….] and in League tournament, if there is an odd number of teams. 11 Physical EDUCATION-XII hh Separate pooling of previous winners in same group to create even competition, hh to avoid one team from playing more matches on a single day than the other, so creating disadvantage for some. Definitions The position of a participant in a tournament who is not paired with an opponent, usually in the first round, and advanced to the next round without playing. Something aside from the main course or consideration. A sportsman in a tournament who is without an opponent. The right to proceed to the next round of a competition without contesting the present round, often through non-appearance of an opponent. Seeding - is a process in which teams will be placed in such a manner that good teams that have a ranking or previous year’s position etc. do not meet another team at an early stage of the tournament. This procedure is generally implemented to reduce the chance of elimination of good teams at an early stage. Procedure of allotting seeding is the same as given for byes. Definitions The process or result of seeding players for competition. To arrange or schedule, as competitive teams or players, so that the most skilled are matched in the later rounds of play. To scatter or distribute (the names of players) so that the best players do not meet in the early part of a tournament. To rank a player according to the perceived likelihood of his or her winning a specific tournament 1.3.3 Procedure for Drawing Knock - Out Fixture Step 1 To determine the total number of teams that will participate in the Knockout tournament. 12 Physical EDUCATION-XII If the number of teams is: 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, ….. (Number being a multiple of Two) then there is no need of byes. You may see the procedure in Illustration : 1 and 2. If the number of teams is other than the given numbers, then byes will be given as per draw of lot. Step 2 To determine the total number of matches to be played in the tournament, following formula will be used: Total Number of Matches= Number of teams – 1 In case of 8 teams then 8-1= 7 matches (not including third place match) If number of teams are 12 then 12-1= 11 matches (not including third place match) In case of 15 teams then 15-1=14 (not including third place match) Step 3 The total number of teams are to be divided into two halves, namely Upper Half and Lower Half. If the total number of participating teams are even in numbers the Formula will be: Number of teams = Teams in Upper Half or Lower Half 2 12 If total number of teams is 12 then, = 6, i.e., 6 teams will be placed in Upper 2 Half and the remaining 6 will be placed in Lower Half. If total number of participating teams are odd in numbers then Formula will be Number of teams + 1 = Teams in Upper Half 2 Number of teams - 1 = Teams in Lower Half 2 If number of teams is 15 then 15 + 1 = 8 Teams in Upper Half 2 13 Physical EDUCATION-XII 15 - 1 = 7 Teams in Lower Half 2 Thus, 8 teams will be placed in Upper Half and remaining 7 will be placed in Lower Half. Step 4 After determining Upper and Lower Half Teams, byes will be given. We can determine the byes by finding the difference between the number of teams participating in the Tournament and next power of 2 of participating Teams in the Tournament. For example, if total number of Teams is 12, then next power of 2 will be 16. 16-12= 4 Byes. For even numbers byes will be placed in Upper and Lower Half. 4 =2 2 If total number of Teams is 19, then next power will be 32. 32-19 = 13 byes 13-1 For odd numbers byes will be placed in Upper Half = = 6 and Lower Half = 1 13+1 =7 2 Step 5 Allotment of byes in the fixture should be given in following order. First bye will be given to last team of Lower Half, Second bye will be given to first team of Upper Half, Third bye will be given to last team of Upper Half, Fourth bye will be given to first team of Lower Half, Same pattern will be followed after fourth bye till the remaining byes have been given. OR First bye will be given to last team of Lower Half, Second by will be given to first team of Upper Half, Third bye will be given to first team of Lower Half, Fourth bye will be given to last team of Upper Half Same pattern will be followed after fourth bye till the remaining byes have been given. 14 Physical EDUCATION-XII Step 6 Write the serial number (number of participants) in vertical order. Divide into two halves as per Step 3. Then place byes as per step 5. Now place remaining teams through random lottery system from top to bottom or same pattern used to allot byes. Teams having byes will not play their first-round matches. Put Date, Time, Venue in front of the matches in fixture. Illustration – 1 Total Number of Teams = 4 Total Number of Matches = 4-1 = 3 Total Number of Byes= since Number having power of Two, no need of bye Number of team in 4 Upper Half = =2 2 4 Number of team in Lower Half = =2 2 Round I Matches First match between A Vs B and won by B Second Match between C Vs D won by D 15 Physical EDUCATION-XII Round II match or Finals Third match Finals between B Vs D won by B Illustration – 2 Total Number of Teams = 8 Total Number of Matches = 8-1=7 Total Number of Byes= since Number having power of Two, no need of bye Number 8 of team in Upper Half = =4 2 8 Number of team in Lower Half = =4 2 Round I Matches First match between A Vs B won by A Second match between C Vs D won by C Third match between E Vs F won by F Fourth match between G Vs H won by G Round II Matches Fifth match between A Vs C won by C Sixth match between F Vs G won by G 16 Physical EDUCATION-XII Round III or Finals Seventh match Final between C Vs G won by G Illustration – 3 Total Number of Teams = 11 Total Number of Matches = 11-1=10 Total Number of Byes= 16-11= 5 5-1 Total Number of Byes in Upper half = =2 2 5+1 Total Number of Byes in Lower half = =3 2 11+1 Number of team in Upper half = =6 2 11-1 Number of team in Lower half = =5 2 17 Physical EDUCATION-XII Round I Matches First match between 2 Vs 3 won by 2 Second match between 4 Vs 5 won by 4 Third match between 8 Vs 9 won by 9 Round II Matches Fourth match between 1 Vs 2 won by 1 Fifth match between 4 Vs 6 won by 6 Sixth match between 7 Vs 9 won by 7 Seventh match between 10 Vs 11 won by 10 Round III Matches (semi-finals) Eighth match between 1Vs 6 won by 6 Ninth match between 7 Vs 10 won by 7 Round IV or Final Tenth match between 6 Vs 7 won by 7 1.3.4 Procedure to Draw League or Round Robin Fixture In League or Round Robin Tournament each team has to play once with all the remaining teams of the tournament. Step 1 Determine the number of matches by applying following formula: Number of teams = n n (n-1) Total number of matches = 2 6 (6-1) 36-6 30 If teams are 6 then = = = 15 2 2 2 This means, 15 numbers of matches will be played in league tournament. If teams are 7 then 21 numbers of matches will be played in league tournament 18 Physical EDUCATION-XII Step 2 Here, we will study two types of methods to fix the team in league tournament namely Cyclic Method and Stair Case Method: Cyclic Method In Cyclic Method, one team will be fixed in position and the other will be placed in rotation to complete the cycle. In this method, two situations may arise, first if teams are even numbered, second situation if teams are odd numbered. Let’s see how to set fixtures in these two situations. Even number of teams in tournament does not require giving of any bye to any team and to find out number of rounds, formula will be number of teams – 1. Total number of teams= 6 Total number of rounds = 6–1 = 5 In order to draw fixture for odd number of teams one bye will be given to one team in one round and in next round another team will get a bye. Rounds in the tournament will remain the same. Total number of teams = 7 Total number of rounds = 7 Staircase Method In Staircase Method, one team will be fixed on the highest step, and that team will play with all the teams of the tournament and in next step down, the next team will be fixed to play with other remaining teams and so on. 19 Physical EDUCATION-XII Total number of Teams= 7 A Vs B A Vs C B Vs C A Vs D B Vs D C Vs D A Vs E B Vs E C Vs E D Vs E A Vs F B Vs F C Vs F D Vs F E Vs F A Vs G B Vs G C Vs G D Vs G E Vs G F Vs G Details of Matches Match No Team A Vs Team B Date Time Venue Result Step 3 Determining the winner/merit in League Tournament. In League or Round Robin Tournament winner/merit will be decided on the basis of points awarded to the teams. Example Winner = 5, Draw =3, Loser = 0. Points tally may be as follows: S. Teams Match Match Win Match Match Total Ranking No. Played Loss Draw Points 1 A 5 4 0 1 23 I 2 B 5 3 1 1 18 II 3 C 5 1 2 2 11 IV 4 D 5 0 4 1 3 V 5 E 5 1 2 2 11 IV 6 F 5 0 0 5 15 III 20 Physical EDUCATION-XII Tournament organisers frame the rules in regards to tie before the start of the tournament. 1.3.5 Procedure to Draw Combination Fixture These fixtures are the combination of Knockout and League Tournaments. Same steps will be followed as are followed in Knockout and League fixtures. To draw League-Knockout fixtures, the following process will be executed: League-Knockout Team = 8 8 (8-1) 64-8 56 Matches = = = = 28 2 2 2 Rounds in league = 7 League Round 1 Round 2 Round 3 Round 4 Round 5 Round 6 Round 7 1-8 7-8 6-8 5-8 4-8 3-8 2-8 2-7 1-6 7-5 6-4 5-3 4-2 3-1 3-6 2-5 1-4 7-3 6-2 5-1 4-7 4-5 3-4 2-3 1-2 7-1 6-7 5-6 S. Match Matches Matches Matches Teams Total Points Ranking No. Played Won Lost Drawn 1 1 7 5 2 0 25 I(Q) 2 2 7 2 3 2 16 V 3 3 7 2 2 3 16 V 4 4 7 2 4 1 13 VI 5 5 7 3 2 2 21 II(Q) 6 6 7 4 2 1 23 III(Q) 7 7 7 1 4 2 11 VII 8 8 7 3 3 1 18 IV(Q) Winner = 5, Draw =3, Loser = 0 Top four teams namely 1, 5, 6 and 8 qualify for knockout rounds 21 Physical EDUCATION-XII Tournament committee should form rules regarding placement of teams at semi- finals before the tournament. Here we placed teams as per their ranking. Other patterns are 1. first team may play with third and second may play with fourth ranked team or 2. first ranked team may play with fourth ranked team and second ranked team may play with third ranked team or 3. draw of lots may be another choice. First semi-final match played between 1 vs 5 and won by 5 Second semi-final match played between 6 vs 8 and won by 8 Final match played between 5 vs 8 and won by 8 Third place match may be played between 1 vs 6 Team 8 winner of the League-Knockout tournament Team 5 is runner up of the tournament. Do You Know? FIFA World cup is world largest event in term of viewership in the world. In Football World Cup League-Knockout combination fixtures are drawn. Starting rounds are based on League system, there are eight groups from A to H, each group consists of four teams. Every team in the group has to play with the other three teams in the group. Top two teams from each group qualify for pre-quarterfinals based on the points table and then the knockout round starts till the finals. I. Tick the correct option 1. After losing a match, a team will be eliminated from the. a. Knockout tournament 22 Physical EDUCATION-XII b. League tournament c. Round Robin tournament d. None of above 2. Which of the following tournament helps save time? a. Knockout tournament b. League tournament c. Combination tournament d. Round Robin tournament II. Answer the following questions briefly: 1. Differentiate between knockout and league tournament. 2. Write merits of league tournament. 3. What do you mean by league cum knockout fixture? III. Answer the following questions in 150-200 words. 1. Draw a knockout fixture of 13 teames. 1.4 Intramural The meaning of the word ‘intramural’ is “within the walls”. In context of sports, it refers to a tournament conducted within the walls of a single institution/ school/ community. Intramural competitions/tournament are conducted within players of one institution. The tournament may be an event/ game /more than one games and sports conducted in one day or more or in a month or a year, eg., Sports Day, Sports Festival, Athletics Meet, Swimming Meet, Badminton Tournament conducted among Houses, Classes, Hostels, Residents etc. of a school/institution. 1.4.1 Objectives of Intramural Tournaments Intramurals are common and an integral part of educational organisation and communities, where teams are constituted among classes, houses or groups and competitions are conducted for engaging children and youth and for deriving various types of benefits for the participants. Let us understand few important objectives of intramural tournaments. 23 Physical EDUCATION-XII 1. To encourage mass participation in sports in an institution. 2. To focus on all-round development of children. 3. To develop values like fair play, respect, friendship through sports. 4. To provide first opportunity to compete in a controlled environment. 5. To focus on fitness, wellness and health aspects of children. 6. To promote curricular integration through sports. 7. To help children to develop personality (first stage of leadership, control of emotions, corporation etc.) Extension Activity As the Sports Captain of your school, you are involved in the selection of students for participating in District/Region/Zone matches subsequently. List out the criteria you will employ for selection of Individual Games/Sports Team Games/Sports 1.4.2 Significance of Intramural Tournaments With all the above discussed objectives of intramural tournaments being implemented successfully, it surely brings lots of benefit to the participants. Such competitions conducted in a controlled environment with enough scope of all round development deliver enough significance to the event. Let us discuss few essential significance of intramural tournaments. Selection for extramural: Intramural Tournaments provide an opportunity to select a player or team to participate in Extramural Tournaments. Players demonstrate skill and fitness in events which becomes the base for selection of a player or team. Group cohesion: This is an opportunity where students from different Classes or Houses come together in a team, share their experiences, display cooperation and coordination and lead the team to win the game. Students from different backgrounds, and communities come together as a group and gain self-confidence, develop social relations, tolerance in culture etc. Professional experience: As per the interest of students and need of institution, students become a helping hand in conducting the tournament which gives them 24 Physical EDUCATION-XII good experience of officiating, in event management etc. In future, this experience helps them in professional and personal aspects. Health: It helps in developing healthy and active lifestyle. Children enjoy the sports events because it is another medium to display their desired skills. It helps them to stay fit and healthy. Intramurals help in contributing to the physical, mental, social and spiritual well-being of children. Recreation: Joy and entertainment are the outcome of Intramural physical activities. The elements of happiness and enjoyment are always there because activities are not so competitive, which makes intramural events successful. Mass participation: Such activities are meant for all the students of the institution not only for sportspersons or players. 1.4.3 Extramural Tournaments The word ‘extramural’ means “outside the boundary or walls”. In Sports Extramural Tournaments are the tournaments conducted outside or beyond the walls of the organising unit that may be a school/college/institution. Such tournaments are conducted between two or more players/teams of different schools/colleges/ institutions. For example, Zonal, Inter- District, State, National or International Tournaments. 1.4.4 Objectives of Extramural Tournaments Extramural tournaments are very popular and an essential part of educational organisation, and communities, where a common team represents a school, colleges or group and promote participating or organising various inter-institution competitions for engaging children and youth into various types of benefits. Let us understand few important objective of intramural tournaments. 1. To achieve high performance at highest level of the tournament. 2. To develop the feeling of integration with other institutions 3. To provide opportunities for choosing a career in sports 4. To promote social, cultural, economic development through sports. 1.4.5 Significance of Extramural Tournaments With all the above discussed objectives of extramural tournaments being implemented successfully, it surely brings lots of benefit to the participants. Participation and 25 Physical EDUCATION-XII organisation of such inter competitions focusing to showcase talent and explore potentials among talented athletes delivers enough significance to the event. Lets discuss few essential significance of intramural tournaments. Progression in performance Extramural Tournament helps to lift the level of performance through the athletes and sportspersons gaining experience, learning to prepare tactics and strategies, developing fitness, psychological preparation etc. Psychological factors Extramural events help to balance psychological factors like stress, confidence, self- esteem, emotions, and promote qualities like leadership, team building, in students. Level of fitness As the level of tournament increases, gradually the level of fitness improves, that make an individual physically as well as mentally strong to compete at higher levels. Socialization Such tournaments held among different communities, regions, countries etc. increase cross-cultural exchange, inter-community association etc. in which individuals get a chance to know and understand different places, cultures, etc. which leads to closer ties. 1.5 Community Sports – Purpose and Benefits Community sports is a society-based practice of connecting and engaging people with opportunities to participate in sports, exercise and fitness activities. Community sports can serve as a backbone for developing health promotion initiatives within community members ranging from school children, adults, elders and various other socially vulnerable populations. Community Sports are conducted for wide variety of purposes, by involving citizens and public residing in a society. Community sports provide opportunities for conducting sporting events frequently depending on the purpose like the community awareness programs, social campaigns, talent search, recreational opportunities and may more. Community sports are also many times referred to as low-threshold sport activities, which make them a powerful tool to involve a wide range of population into sports, exercise and fitness behaviours. Community sports may not be always competitive and even if they are organised they may not be officiated with rule-book style. Example, instead of professional 26 Physical EDUCATION-XII officials, parents, experienced players or other community volunteers may be engaged in conduct of sporting events. 1.5.1 Benefits of Community Sports Community Sports can be a great opportunity for meeting people who share the same interests. Example, in a group environment, there is always at least one thing that just about everyone has in common, so you can use that to strike up a conversation with the people around you. Regular community sports activities like cricket, volleyball, football, or basketball or various other team sports and mass activity programs like yoga, aerobics, morning walk, jogging can provide opportunities to know and understand your neighbours and community members and bond with them over the course of many training sessions, practices, victories, and defeats. Community members working together towards a common goal creates a certain camaraderie and trust within the society members. Let us discuss few of the major benefits of community sports. Health Community sports programmes have huge impact on physical and mental health of an individual. Regular physical activities not only improve cardiovascular and muscular health but also lower the risk of various lifestyle related disease. Social Community sports programmes provide a platform for make friends, connecting people and getting them to work together towards common objectives, thereby developing a sense of belongingness in the group. Developing a network for sharing knowledge and experiences about health, wellbeing and sports for the people of all ages helps to develop group cohesion, proactive social environment, good citizen etc. Psychological Community sports programmes, through continuous and group engagement in physical activity, can be associated with improved psycho-social health. They help in improving self-esteem, personal development and stress management and provide various other psycho-social benefits. 27 Physical EDUCATION-XII Economic Regular community sports programmes will help to reduce the burden on health budget and also promote optimum usage of resources. Healthy people in any community not help to reduce medical bills but also enhance the production for the nation by providing appropriate time and labour. Economical weaker sections can also take advantage of participating in such sports community programmes. 1.5.2 Community Sports Community sports events should be held at residential societies, villages, cities, schools where the purpose is not only to demonstrate the skills and abilities of children, but create harmony among people of all age groups including of senior citizens, women and differently-abled population. Let us discuss few of the events which could be organised as part of community sports. Sports Day is one of the important programs that feature in the annual calendar of most residentials areas, community schools. It is an event not only to showcase abilities and prowess of children and youth on the sports field but also a great opportunity for community members to meet, greet and interact with each other. It also reflects the organizational strength of the society members and various other organizing institutions. To celebrate Sports Day the focus should not only be participation of talented athletes, but displaying a wide variety of skills among its members. Major focus should be maximum engagement and involvement of community members and other stakeholders. In recent times, Government of India is celebrating National Sports Day on 29th August on the occasion of birth anniversary of Major Dhyan Chand, a hockey legend. Do you Know? Fit India Movement was launch on 29th August 2019 on the occasion of birth anniversary of Major Dhyan Chand by Shri Narendra Modi, the Prime Minister of India. The purpose of the movement is to promote physical activities and sports in masses so that they stay fit and healthy and keep away from lifestyles diseases. He said “Swasth vyakti, swasth parivar aur swasth samaj, yahi naye Bharat ko shresth Bharat banane ka raasta hai.” 28 Physical EDUCATION-XII Health Run Such kind of run is generally conducted for the purpose of improving the health standards in society and creating awareness about the importance of physical activities for maintaining good health or for raising charity. In this run, the purpose of the runners is not to win, but to participate in the events. To get its full impact, a large number of registrations are required. There is no age bar for participants; it is not a professional race so there is no need to run a long distance. Such a run can be conducted by NGOs or health departments to spread awareness about health- related issues. Run for Fun The purpose of this run is to spread the message of staying fit and healthy among the masses. Sometimes such races may be conducted to raise funds for a specific purpose. In schools such races attract children and their parents. These are friendly races and may be conducted for any age group. However, the physical education teacher must be careful and plan meticulously to avoid any kind of accident or mishap. Age, mobility, types of movement involved should be taken care of. Examples of such races are lemon and spoon race, sack race, three-legged race, parent and child race, teacher and child race, banana race, road running etc. Run for Specific Cause This event is generally conducted to spread awareness about social issues like cleanliness, promoting green environment etc. The purpose of such events is to spread awareness among the masses for a definite cause or to generate charity. Example, the specific cause may be cancer, AIDS, gender inequality etc. Run for Unity In such a type of run the purpose is to promote the feeling of integrity and brotherhood in community, state, nation or among different religions. Such events help to develop bonding and a sense of togetherness among people. Games and Sports Different games and sports events can be organised keeping in mind the wholesome development of community. Indigenous game like kho-kho, kabaddi, marbles, Gilli danda etc. may be introduced to keep people familiar with the cultural heritage of the nation. 29 Physical EDUCATION-XII I. Tick the correct option 1. National Sports Day is celebrated on a. 9th August b. 19th August c. 28th August d. 29th August 2. Which of the races is run “to promote brotherhood”? a. Run for Fun b. Run for specific cause c. Run for Unity d. Health Run II. Answer the following questions briefly. 1. Write briefly about any two types of Run. 2. Write about the objectives of Intramural tournaments. 3. What is the significance of Extramural Tournaments. III. Answer the following questions in 150-200 words. 1. How would you plan for an Intramural Tournament? Highlight any two problems you may encounter. How will you deal with them? 2. Discuss a method you would choose to spread health awareness and harmony in your area. Support your answer with reasons. IV. Complete the following table about Intramural and Extramural Tournaments. Intramural Tournaments Extramural Tournaments What they mean 30 Physical EDUCATION-XII What are their objectives What is their significance V. Case Study Question 1. Clubs Matches Won Drawn Lost GF GA GD Points ATK Mohun Bagan 20 10 7 3 37 26 11 37 Bengaluru FC 20 8 5 7 32 27 5 29 Chennaiyin FC 20 5 5 10 17 35 -18 20 FC Goa 20 4 7 9 29 35 -6 19 Hyderabad FC 20 11 5 4 43 23 20 38 Jamshedpur FC 20 13 4 3 42 21 21 43 Kerala Blasters FC 20 9 7 4 34 24 10 34 Mumbai City FC 20 9 4 7 36 31 5 31 NorthEast United FC 20 3 5 12 25 43 -18 14 Odisha FC 20 6 5 9 31 43 -12 23 SC East Bengal 20 1 8 11 18 36 -18 11 a. Based on the table given above place the teams according to their ranking b. List down two advantages of this kind of tournament c. Write down the formula for calculating points 2. XYZ School is conducting an invitation tournament in which 25 teams have sent their entries. Matches have to be conducted on a knockout basis. a. How many total matches will be played? b. How many matches will be played in the first round of the tournament? 31 Physical EDUCATION-XII c. How many rounds will be played? d. Which team will get 4th bye of the tournament? VI. Art Integration 1. Prepare a report on the Annual Sports Day of your school for publishing in a National daily. 2. Your School is hosting CBSE Regional Sports Meet. Plan and present a Folk Dance for the Opening Ceremony. Suggested Reading: hh Ajmar Singh et.al. (2016). Essentials of Physical Education. Delhi: Kalyani Publication. hh Chakraborty, S. (2007). Sports Management. Delhi: Prerna Prakashan. hh Kamlesh, M. (2005). Methods in Physical Education. Delhi: Friends Publications. hh Shaw, D., & Kaushik, S. (2010). Lesson Planing – Teaching Methods and Management in Physical Education. Delhi: Khel Sahitya Kendra. References: Robert K. Barnhart. (1985). The World Book Dictionary. World Book Inc. Soanes, C. (2001). Compact Oxford Reference Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Cayne, B. S. (1987). The New Lexicon Webster’s Dictionary of the English Language. Lexicon Publication. Webster, M. (1976). Webster’s Sports Dictionary. US: Merriam Webster. Cambridge Advanced Learner’s Dictionary. (2013). Cambridge University Press. Dictionary of Sport and Exercise Science. (2006). A & C Black Publishers Ltd. Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English. (2008). Pearson Education Limited. Physical Education and Yog (373). (n.d.). Retrieved 11 25, 2020, from National School of Open Learning: https://www.nios.ac.in/online-course-material/sr-secondary- courses/physical-education-and-yog-(373).aspx 32 Physical EDUCATION-XII CHILDREN AND WOMEN UNIT II IN SPORTS Overview WW Exercise guidelines of WHO for different age groups WW Common postural deformities-knock knees, flat foot, round shoulders, Lordosis, Kyphosis, Scoliosis and bow legs and their respective corrective measures. WW Women participation in Sports – Physical, Psychological and Social benefits WW Special consideration (menarche and menstrual dysfunction) WW Female athlete triad (osteoporosis, amenorrhea, eating disorders) At the end of the chapter, children will be able to: WW discuss exercise guidelines for different stages of growth and development. WW classify common postural deformities and identify corrective measures. WW recognize the role and importance of sports participation of women in India. WW identify special consideration relate to menarche and menstrual dysfunction. WW express female athlete triad according to eating disorders. Discussion Given below is a list of some common postural deformities children may suffer from. What do you know about them? Complete the first two columns of the KWL (Know-Want-Learned) Chart given below. Fill in the last column after completing your research by reading more about them. Word What I Know What I Want to What I Learned Know 33 Physical EDUCATION-XII Knock knees Flat foot Round shoulders Lordosis Kyphosis Scoliosis Bow legs Do You Know? A UNICEF South Asia blog “How sports help girls overcome barriers and bias” had a big message sent by our legendry player of Indian cricket Sachin Tendulkar, UNICEF Regional Goodwill Ambassador for South Asia “Let every child, girl and boy, play a sport”. The legendary cricketer mentioned that every child must have the right to play, it is the best medium to help them channel their energy and teach them some of life’s most valuable lessons—on strength and determination, humility and mutual respect, on resilience and sportsmanship. Opportunity to play with an open mind encourages children to push their limits, and in the process, discover their own potential. Sports participation provides a common platform to perform and learn to win with dignity and accept defeat with humility. Sport does not differentiate between gender, it respects hard work and values of an athlete. Sport and play is not confined to children nor does it creates impact only on children, rather sports is a big wagon wheel for the upliftment of the status of women in our society. Sports field provides an opportunity for women to showcase their talent and help them grow as an individuals, living a life of dignity and self- respect. The Indian Women’s Hockey team played brilliantly in the Tokyo 2020 Olympics and produced many such examples. The captain, Rani Rampal’s father could not afford to buy her a hockey stick when she was growing up, so she would play with a broken one; Salima Tete from Jharkhand would play with wooden sticks for the same reason. Deep Grace Ekka’s family was criticized because she was ‘allowed’ to play the game despite being a girl. 2.1 Exercise Guidelines of WHO for Different Age Groups World Health Organisation (WHO) has identified lack of physical activity, or physical inactivity, as the fourth leading risk factor for global mortality (6% of deaths globally). Regular participation in physical activities and sports provides ample opportunities to maintain physical, mental and social health. Participation in sports and physical 34 Physical EDUCATION-XII activity results in benefits like an increase in self-confidence and self-esteem, a better control over emotions, reduction in levels of stress, anxiety and depression, maintenance of healthy weight, social interaction and achieving high performance in academics. Regular physical activities help in not just physical, but also social, emotional and mental growth and development of infants, children, adolescents and adults. Physical activities should be encouraged among children to ensure strong muscles and bones. Children and young people should not be allowed to sit for long hours watching TV, playing computer games and travelling by car. WHO has developed certain guidelines – Global Recommendations on Physical Activity for Health – with the overall aim of providing national and regional level policy makers with guidance on the frequency, duration, intensity, type and total amount of physical activity needed for the prevention of Non-Communicable Diseases or Lifestyle Diseases. 2.1.1 Recommendations for Children Under 5 Years of Age “Achieving health for all means doing what is best for health right from the beginning of people’s lives,” says WHO Director-General Dr Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus. “Early childhood is a period of rapid development and a time when family lifestyle patterns can be adapted to boost health gains.” If they are to grow up healthy, children under five must spend less time sitting watching screens, or restrained in prams and seats, so that they get better quality sleep and have more time for active play. ] The following guidelines are recommended for healthy children aged Under 5 years, irrespective of gender, race, ethnicity, cultural background, and the socio-economic status of the family. These are also relevant for children with different abilities. Children with a medical 35 Physical EDUCATION-XII condition or disability should consult with health professionals before undertaking these activities. The goals of these guidelines are to recommend time spent on physical activities, and on sleep and sedentary activities to get health benefits. The age group is further divided in to three groups namely Less than 1 year, 1 to 2 years, 3 to 4 years. Age Sedentary Behaviour Physical Activity Sleep Less Not be restrained Physically active 14–17 hours (0–3 than 1 for more than 1 hour several times a day months of age), year at a time. Encourage through interactive 12–16h (4–11 reading and storytelling floor-based play months of age) when sedentary. including 30 minutes of good quality Screen time is not of tummy time. sleep, including recommended. naps. 1-2 Not restrained for more At least 180 minutes 11-14 hours of years than 1 hour at a time or in a variety of types good quality sit for extended periods of physical activities sleep, including of time. No screen including moderate- naps, with regular time for 1-year-olds. to vigorous- intensity sleep and wake- For 2 years, sedentary physical activity, up times. screen time should be spreadthroughout the no more than 1 hour. day. Encourage reading and storytelling. 3-4 Not restrained for more At least 180 minutes 10–13h of good years than 1 hour at a time in a variety of types quality sleep, or sit for extended of physical activities which may include periods of time. at any intensity, of a nap, with Sedentary screen time which at least 60 regular sleep and should be no more than minutes is moderate- wake-up times. 1 hour; less is better. to vigorous intensity Encourage reading and physical ctivity, spread storytelling. throughout the day. 36 Physical EDUCATION-XII Infants (Less than 1 year) Infants should be provided enough space and open environment to promote movement and minimize restrictive or sedentary behaviour so that they may explore their surroundings. Babies should be encouraged to be active throughout the day, every day. Before your baby begins to crawl, encourage her/him to be physically active by reaching and grasping, pulling and pushing, moving her/his head, body and limbs during daily routines, and during supervised floor play. This includes giving the baby 30 minutes in prone position (tummy time). Playing equipment should be carefully chosen and must not be so small that it can be swallowed or have sharp edges or be prepared with toxic material. Activities like crawling and rolling should be performed on mat or sheet that is at least 7 feet by 4 feet in size. Once babies can move around, encourage them to be as active as possible in a safe, supervised and nurturing play environment. During sedentary timing, the child must be engaged in reading and storytelling for encouragement. For 0-3 months of age 14-17 hours and for 4-11 months of age baby should have 12-16 hours of good quality sleep that includes naps. Toddlers (1-2 years of age) During this period, the child should not be involved in any sedentary activity which is more than one-hour long including being restrained in prams/strollers, high chairs, or strapped on a caregiver’s back, or sitting for extended periods of time. Once they learn to sit and stand, toddlers should be encouraged to undertake fundamental physical activity like walking, running, jumping, catching, throwing, leaping etc. In this group sedentary screen time like involvement with computer games, watching TV or video is not recommended. Engagement in reading and storytelling should not be for more than one hour. It is recommended toddlers get 11-14 hours of good quality sleep, including naps, with regular sleep and wake-up times. Children 3–4 years Children should spend at least 180 minutes in a variety of types of physical activities at any intensity, of which at least one hour is spent in moderate to vigorous intensity physical activity. This should be spread throughout the day, indoors or outside. In the 180 minutes of physical activity, we can include light activity such as standing up, moving around, rolling and playing, as well as more energetic activities like skipping, hopping, running and jumping. Active play, such as using a climbing frame, riding a bike, playing in water, chasing games and ball games, is the best way for 37 Physical EDUCATION-XII this age group to get moving. Sedentary time should not be more than one hour, and during this period engagement in reading and storytelling should be encouraged. Quality sleep between 10-13 hours is recommended which includes a nap, with regular sleep and wake-up times. All these recommendations are divided into three components Physical activity, sedentary behaviour and sleep. Lesser sedentary time and more moderate to vigorous intensity physical activity with sufficient sleep can provide additional health benefits. 2.1.2 Children and Youth 5-17 Years These recommendations are relevant to healthy children and youth between 5 to 17 of age irrespective of gender, race, ethnicity or socio-economic status. Children and youth with a specific medical condition or disability may follow these recommendations under advice of a medical official or with the help of the school special education teacher. Activities should be done in a progressive manner, for example starting the session with simple exercises to complex, gradually increasing the frequency, duration and intensity of the activities. There are various stages of growth in this age group, wherein at every stage the type of activities changes. The chief aim of activities during this age group is to improve cardiorespiratory and muscular fitness, bone health, cardiovascular and metabolic health biomarkers and to reduce symptoms of anxiety and depression. 38 Physical EDUCATION-XII Intensity Moderate to Vigorous. Volume/ At least one hour in a day; more than 60 minutes will provide Duration additional health benefits. Frequency One session of 1 hour or two sessions of 30 minutes each. Types of Aerobic, basic exercises for strengthening of muscles, Fundamental Activities activities (Jumping, running, throwing, turning twisting etc.) Benefits Regular exercise helps to develop Musculo-skeletal system (Bones, muscles and joints), cardiovascular system (heart and lunges), neuromuscular system (coordination, movement control, motor learning) and maintain healthy body composition. Physical activities also help to develop psychological (control over emotions, anxiety, depression, and manage stress) and sociological aspects (interaction, integration, leadership), result in healthy behaviour (avoidance of tobacco, alcohol, drugs) and promote academic performance. Activities Play, Games, Sports, recreation, physical education, unplanned to planned exercises with or within family, school and Community. 2.1.3 Adults 18-64 Years These recommendations are relevant to healthy adults aged between 18 to 64 irrespective of gender, race, ethnicity or socio-economic status. Adults/youth with disabilities may follow these recommendations with adjustment as per capacity or limitations. An adult having any medical condition should follow the advice of medical official. Activities should be done in a progressive manner, for example, start the session with simple exercises and move to complex, gradually increasing frequency, duration and intensity of the activities. 39 Physical EDUCATION-XII Intensity Moderate to Vigorous. Types of Muscular strengthening (strength) and Aerobic physical activities Activities Aerobic 150 to 300 minutes per week with moderate intensity or 75 activities to 150 minutes per week with vigorous intensity; One aerobic activity bout should be at least 10 minutes Muscle Activities involving major muscles two or more days in a week strengthening activities Benefits Regular physical activity helps to lower the risk of all causes of mortality, (For example heart diseases, blood pressure, stroke, Type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome, colon and breast cancers and depression) hip or vertebral fractures, and to develop higher level of cardiorespiratory muscular fitness and maintain healthy weight with healthy body composition and bone health. It lowers the risk of Non-Communicable Diseases and depression. Activities Physical activities (walking jogging, swimming, weight training, dancing etc.), occupational work, household work (car wash, gardening, etc.) Games, Sports, recreation, transportation (walking, cycling), planned exercises with or within family and community. 2.1.4 Older Adults 65 Years and Above These recommendations are relevant to healthy older adults aged above 65 years, irrespective of gender, race, ethnicity or socio-economic status. These recommendations are also relevant for individuals suffering from chronic NCD conditions. Adults, youth with disabilities may follow these recommendations with adjustment as per capacity or limitations. Individuals with specific health conditions, such as cardiovascular disease and diabetes, may need to take extra precautions and seek medical advice before trying to achieve the recommended levels of physical activity for older adults. Activities should be done in progressive manner, for example, starting the session with simple exercises and moving to complex, gradually increasing frequency, duration and intensity of the activities as per their ability and as conditions allow. 40 Physical EDUCATION-XII Intensity Moderate to Vigorous. Types of Muscular strengthening (strength) and Aerobic physical activities Activities and Balance-enhancing exercises. Aerobic 150 to 300 minutes per week with moderate intensity or 75 to 150 activities minutes per week with vigorous intensity; One aerobic activity bout should be at least 10 minutes. Muscle Activities involving major muscles involved activity, two or more strengthening days in a week activities Balance- Older adults, with poor mobility, should perform physical activity enhancing to enhance balance and prevent falls on 3 or more days per week. Activities Benefits Regular physical activity helps to lower the risk of all causes of mortality, (For example, heart disease, blood pressure, stroke, Type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome, colon and breast cancers and depression) hip or vertebral fractures, and to develop higher level of cardiorespiratory muscular fitness and maintain healthy weight with healthy body composition and bone health. It lowers the risk of Non-Communicable Diseases, depression and cognitive decline. Activities Physical activities (walking jogging, swimming, weight training, dancing etc.), occupational work, household work (car wash, gardening, etc.) Games, Sports, recreation, transportation (walking, cycling), planned exercises with or within family and community. 41 Physical EDUCATION-XII Do you Know? Type of physical activity: includes aerobic, strength, flexibility, balance. Duration: is the length of time in which an activity or exercise is performed. Duration is generally expressed in minutes. Frequency: is the number of times an exercise or activity is performed. Frequency is generally expressed in sessions, episodes, or bouts per week. Intensity: refers to the rate at which the activity is being performed or the magnitude of the effort required to perform an activity or exercise. Volume: Aerobic exercise exposures can be characterized by an interaction between bout intensity, frequency, duration, and longevity of the programme. The product of these characteristics can be thought of as volume. Moderate-intensity physical activity: On an absolute scale, moderate intensity refers to activity that is performed at 3.0–5.9 times the intensity of rest. On a scale relative to an individual’s personal capacity, moderate-intensity physical activity is usually a 5 or 6 on a scale of 0–10. Vigorous-intensity physical activity: On an absolute scale, vigorous intensity refers to activity that is performed at 6.0 or more times the intensity of rest for adults and typically 7.0 or more times for children and youth. On a scale relative to an individual’s personal capacity, vigorous intensity physical activity is usually a 7 or 8 on a scale of 0–10. Aerobic activity: also called endurance activity, improves cardiorespiratory fitness. Examples of aerobic activity include: brisk walking, running, bicycling, jumping rope, and swimming. Sedentary behaviour: is characterized by a very low energy expenditure, such as sitting, reclining or lying down Sleep behaviour: Duration and timing of sleep. For children under 5 years of age includes both at night and daytime naps. Toddler: Child aged 1 to under 3 years (12.0–35.9 months). Tummy time: Time an infant spends lying on her/his stomach (in prone position) while awake with unrestricted movement of limbs. Nap: Period of sleep, usually during the daytime in addition to usual night time sleep. Reference: www.who.int 42 Physical EDUCATION-XII I. Tick the correct options 1. Minimum duration of activity should be__________per week at vigorous intensity in adults above 65 years of age. a. 75 minutes b. 150 minutes c. 300 minutes d. 450 minutes 2. Rate at which the activity is being performed is known as _ a. Volume b. Intensity c. Type of Activity d. Frequency II. Answer the following questions briefly 1. Write down Physical activities exercise guideline for under 5 of age. 2. Briefly write about physical activities/exercises guidelines for adults above 65 of age. III. Answer the following questions in 150-200 words 1. Describe Physical activities/exercise guidelines for all groups. 2.2 Posture Posture is defined as the attitude assumed by the body either with support during the course of muscular activity, or as a result of the coordinated action performed by a group of muscles working to maintain the stability. Posture is classified into two categories. 1. Dynamic posture is how one holds oneself when moving, for example, walking, running, or bending over to pick up something. It is usually required to form an efficient basis for movement. Muscles and non-contractile structures have to work to adapt to changing circumstances. 2. Static posture is how one holds oneself when stationary or not moving, For example, sitting, standing, or sleeping. Body segments are aligned and maintained in fixed positions. This is usually achieved by co-ordination and 43 Physical EDUCATION-XII interaction of various muscle groups which are working statically to counteract gravity and other forces. Extension Activity Working in groups WW Distinguish between poor posture and good posture. WW Describe good posture while sitting, studying, writing, standing, walking. WW Discuss the significance of having a good posture. Design a poster to be put up on the school Notice Board urging students to maintain good posture. Highlight the ill effects of poor posture. It is important to ensure maintaining of a good posture. This is possible where all body parts are aligned in such a way that least stress is put on joints and muscles and, thus, it helps to prevent fatigue. A good posture helps to give good productivity in work, and leads to a physically and mentally stress-free condition. Postural deformity may be caused by heredity, disease, injury, poor habits, improper clothing, unhygienic living conditions, improper diet, improper exercise, lack of exercise, obesity, socio- economic status, etc. 2.2.1 Common Postural Deformities There are a number of postural deformities, some of which are given below along with corrective measures. Corrective exercises should be done under advice and supervision of a physician or a physiotherapist. 44 Physical EDUCATION-XII 2.2.2 Knock Knees Knock Knees, also known as Genu valgum, is a knee misalignment that turns the knees inward. As a result, both knees touch or knock against each other in a normal standing posture but there is a gap of 3-4 inches between the ankles. It is generally first noticed in early childhood, but in most cases, it usually corrects itself naturally by the time children are 7-8 years old. However, in some cases it continues till adolescence. In some cases Genu valgum can also develop due to an injury or infection in the knee or leg, rickets, severe lack of vitamin D and calcium, obesity, or arthritis in the knee. It negatively effects walking and running and impedes other legs movement which hinder performance. In case Genu valgum persists beyond childhood, it may have other symptoms besides misaligned knees. They include stiff joints, knee pain and walking with a limp. Stressed ligaments and muscles can also cause pain in the hips, ankles, or feet. If only one knee is out of line, the stance may be unbalanced. Do you know? The man who discovered genes was an Austrian Gregor Mendel. Mendel was a scientist, Augustinian friar and abbot of St. Thomas’ Abbey in Brno, Margraviate of Moravia. Though farmers had known for millennia that crossbreeding of animals and plants could favor certain desirable traits, Mendel’s pea plant experiments conducted between 1856 and 1863 established many of the rules of heredity, now referred to as the laws of Mendelian inheritance. 45 Physical EDUCATION-XII Corrective Measures Treatment for Genu valgum largely depends on the cause and severity of the problem. Exercises like horse-riding and keeping the pillow between the knees and standing erect for some time are the best. For most people with Genu valgum, Yoga and exercise can help realign and stabilize the knees. Performing padmasana and gomukhasana regularly can help strengthen muscles of the legs and realign the knees. Strengthening exercises can be simple, such as leg raises while seated or lying down. Using of walking callipers is also a big help at pre-puberty stage. Excessive body weight can be a contributing factor to Genu valgum as extra weight puts additional strain on the legs and knees, and this can cause knock-knees to worsen. A person who is overweight should lose weight through a combination of diet and exercise. 2.2.3 Flat Foot Flat foot is also known as pes planus or fallen arches. It is a condition that may be diagnosed by looking at the arch of the foot or by taking the water print test. As the name flat foot suggests, people suffering from this deformity have either no arch in their feet, or one that is very low, allowing the entire soles of the feet to touch the floor in standing position. This problem may be genetic or environmental. At times a foot or ankle injury, obesity, wearing improper shoes (tight shoes, high heels etc.), carrying heavy weight for long time, arthritis or rheumatoid may cause flat feet. It may be caused by a baby being forced to walk in an early stage, or it may be age related. Another condition that might cause flat feet is tarsal coalition. This condition causes the bones of the foot to fuse together unusually, resulting in stiff and flat feet. Tightness in calf muscles may lead to temporary flat feet. 46 Physical EDUCATION-XII Arches provide a spring to the step and help to distribute body weight across the feet and legs. The structure of the arches determines how a person walks. Arches need to be both sturdy and flexible to adapt to stress and a variety of surfaces. When people have flat feet, it affects their posture while standing, their walking, running, and other related performances. Flat feet can sometimes contribute to problems in the ankles and knees. Majority of babies are born with flat feet but as they grow or get involved in physical activities the arch in the foot develops. Corrective Measures Exercises like walking, standing or jumping on toes and heels in all four directions, skipping rope, strengthens the muscles of foot which help to develop the arch in the foot. Activities like picking up marbles with toes, writing numbers in the sand with the toes will also help in developing the arch. Yoga asanas like Adhomukhsavasana performed in Surya Namaskar, Vajrasana and other therapeutic massages are also helpful in developing the arch. 2.2.4 Round Shoulders Round shoulders is a postural deformity in which shoulders are bent forward from the ideal alignment, thereby giving a narrow curve to upper back. It leads to postural deviations such as hyperkyphosis, or hunch back and anterior head carriage, or forward head posture. Over time, these postural conditions can progress and lead to other conditions such as chronic neck pain, thoracic outlet syndrome and lack of shoulder mobility. It may occur at any age due to poor posture habits, heredity, muscle imbalance, tight fitting clothes, injury, disease etc. Poor posture habits include using smartphone, tablet, computer, driving, carrying heavy weights and sitting for long periods. 47 Physical EDUCATION-XII Corrective Measures Most important measure to correct rounded shoulders is strengthening and stretching of muscles and trying to correct the imbalance of muscles by doing chest stretches, T stretch, wall stretch, Handclasp stretch and planks, pull ups, reverse shoulder stretch, etc. Developing the habit of keeping the spine straight is also helpful in correcting rounded shoulders. Yoga asanas like Chakrasana, Dhanurasana, can be useful in correcting rounded shoulders. 2.2.5 Kyphosis Kyphosis is also known as Hunch Back or round upper back. The word Kyphosis comes from the Greek term kyph and means bent or bowed. It is a condition of the spine where the curvature of the upper back gets exaggerated or increases. It is an exaggerated, forward rounding of the back. Kyphosis can occur due to heredity, aging, disease (arthritis, osteoporosis), malnutrition, pulling of heavy weight over a period, unstable furniture, poor postural habit, weakness in muscles etc. Though it can occur at any age, but kyphosis is most common in older women. Age-related kyphosis is often due to weakness in the spinal bones that causes them to compress or crack. Kyphosis can appear in infants or teens due to malformation of the spine or wedging of the spinal bones over time. While mild Kyphosis causes few problems, severe Kyphosis can cause pain and be disfiguring. This posture creates instability while walking, running etc. that may lead to fall or injury. 48 Physical EDUCATION-XII Corrective Measures Exercises which help to strengthen back muscles, provide stability and make muscles more flexible should be performed. Physical therapy, swimming, exercise/ gym ball exercises, exercises with bands, and Yoga asanas like Dhanurasana, Chakrasana and Bhujangasana should be performed to get optimum benefits. Using a flat bed with a thin pillow while sleepingis also helpful. 2.2.6 Lordosis The term Lordosis comes from the Greek lordos which means bent backward. The spine curves a little in the neck, upper back, and lower back. These curves, which create the spine’s S shape, are called the kyphotic (upper back) and lordotic (neck and lower back). Lordosis is a spinal deformity in which the angle of arc of the lower back is reduced. This leads to an increase and exaggeration of normal concavity of the lumber region of the spine. It is also known as sway back. Chronic Lordosis may lead to pain and discomfort and become more serious if left untreated. Lordosis is often caused by obesity, improper development of muscles, muscular or skeletal disease or accident, poor posture while standing, sitting and walking, malnutrition, etc. There are few cases where the cause was unknown. It is generally 49 Physical EDUCATION-XII found in children because of weakening or tightening of muscles of the hip area, but they easily recover as they grow and muscles get strengthened. Corrective Measures Most people with Lordosis don’t require medical treatment unless it’s a severe case. In severe cases of Lordosis in children and teens, the individual may require use of braces, or even surgery. Largely, weight loss to help posture, and daily physical therapy to strengthen muscles and range of motion prove quite helpful. Exercises to develop strength in the pelvic region like sit-ups, sitting against the wall and pushing the trunk backward and lying on the back and raising upper extremities and legs together will give significant benefits. Yoga asanas including Dhanurasana and Halasana will be helpful. Use of braces, weight reduction, maintaining a good posture and taking a balanced diet are helpful in reducing the problem. 2.2.7 Scoliosis The word Scoliosis comes from the Greek skolios which means bent. Scoliosis is a position in which the spine is tilted to either side of the body. It is a position of exaggerated lateral curvature or sideways curvature of the spine. In this disorder, the spine bends, twists or rotates in a way that it makes a C or an S shape. Scoliosis is found more commonly in girls than in boys and, though it can occur at any age, but it is more common during the growth spurt just before puberty. Most cases of scoliosis are mild, but some spinal deformities continue to get more severe as children grow. Severe scoliosis can be disabling. An especially severe spinal curve can reduce the amount of space within the chest, making it difficult for the lungs to function properly. 50 Physical EDUCATION-XII Scoliosis can be caused by conditions such as cerebral palsy and muscular dystrophy, or diseases like arthritis, paralysis, or rickets. It may result from lifting heavy weights, living in an unhealthy environment, and standing and sitting in a wrong posture. However, the cause of most scoliosis is unknown. Corrective Measures In cases of mild Scoliosis, no treatment is necessary. Some children may need to wear a brace to stop the curve from worsening. Others may need surgery to keep the problem from worsening and to straighten the spine. Exercises like hanging on the horizontal bars and swinging should be done on opposite side of the C-shaped curve. Aerobic activities with slow pace and breaststroke in swimming are helpful and also give good results. In yoga Trikonasana and Adhomukhasana should be performed to straighten the spine. 2.2.8 Bow Legs Bow Legs, also known as Genu varum, is a position of knees in which legs look like a bow, when the legs curve outward at the knees while the feet and ankles touch. Infants and toddlers often have bow legs. It may be caused due to lack of Vitamin D, Phosphorus and Calcium and can be easily cured at an early stage. The condition doesn’t cause pain or discomfort and is rarely serious. It does not affect running, standing, crawling etc. Bow legs is a condition that usually goes away without treatment, often by the time a child is 3–4 years old and does not affect a child’s ability to crawl, walk, or run. However, parents might worry about the appearance of their child’s legs, or an awkward walking pattern. 51 Physical EDUCATION-XII Sometimes, kids with bow legs may walk with the toes pointed inward, called pigeon- toes, or they may trip a lot and appear clumsy. Although in most cases the problem generally gets resolved on its own as the child grows, sometimes, it may lead to arthritis in the knees and hips. At times Bowlegs can be a sign of an underlying disease, such as Blount’s disease, rickets, or arthritis. Corrective Measures Use of braces and modified shoes can be along with sufficient intake of balanced diet can prove to be of help. Walking on the inner edge of the feet may also help. I. Tick the correct options 1. Deformity of the legs is known as a. Scoliosis b. Lordosis c. Knock knees d. Kyphosis 2. Lordosis is a problem of the a. Lower Back b. Middle Back c. Upper Back d. Shoulders 3. Scoliosis is a postural deformity related to a. Muscles b. Shoulders c. Legs d. Spine 4. Kyphosis is a deformity found in a. Shoulders b. Lumber region c. Hips d. Thoracic region 52 Physical EDUCATION-XII II. Answer the following questions briefly 1. What is meant by Round Shoulders? Mention a few exercises to correct it. 2. What is the Lordosis? Write in brief. 3. Write in brief the causes and symptoms of Knock Knees. 4. Explain corrective measures for Flatfoot. III. Answer the following questions in 150-200 words 1. Explain any five postural deformities with their corrective measures. 2. Describe corrective measures of some common spinal postural deformities. 2.3 W omen participation in Sports – Physical, Psychological and Social benefits Women’s sports, both amateur and professional, have existed throughout the world for centuries in all varieties of sports. There is a rich record of participation of women in sports in India. In the days of Mahabharata, Shakuntala, Madhuri, Kunti all chose physical activities as recreation. As time passed, Indian women, despite having potential and talent, were deprived of participation in sports for a number of reasons. They were put in the back seat and were not allowed to participate in sports. However, female participation and popularity in sports increased dramatically in the last quarter of the 20th century, reflecting changes that emphasize gender parity. Although the level of participation and performance can still be improved, women’s participation in sports is generally accepted and promoted today. Despite the fact that women have shown a dramatic rise in sports participation, there is still a large disparity in participation rates between women and men. But to deal with this disparity many countries like India run programmes such as Khelo India scheme and National Sports Talent Search Scheme (NSTSS) to mainstream women’s participation in sports in India. While in the past there were certain psychological constraints like low self-confidence and self-esteem, higher levels of stress and anxiety, and social causes like lack of support or positive reinforcement from family and a male-dominated social structure that affect women’s participation in sports, or even, certain economic factors that played a negative role that affected women’s participation in sports, these are all a thing of the past. This trend of lower participation of women in sports exists not just in India but is a global phenomenon. Participation of women at all levels from regional to 53 Physical EDUCATION-XII international is limited. It affects all domains like participation in sports activities, administration of associations and federations, and participation in national and international level committees. Women who play sports continue to face many obstacles, such as lower pay, less media coverage, and different injuries compared to their male counterparts. Many female athletes have engaged in peaceful protests, such as playing strikes, social media campaigns, and even lawsuits to address these inequalities The International Olympic Committee (IOC) encourages participation not only in playing sports but in National Olympic Committees and International Federations and conducting regional seminars for female administrators, coaches, technical officials and journalists. In a recent announcement by IOC, 49% women will take part in next Olympic games. The Constitution of India also provides gender equality and ensures elimination of any type of gender bias or hindrance. Sports is a medium to get gender equity and empowerment. As more women athletes are participating in sports, there is more positive attitude that is being inculcated. Sports is an important tool for social empowerment and helps to develop skills like communication, teamwork, leadership, respect, social interaction, sportsmanship etc. and can significantly contribute to develop society and community. Sports participation not only provides health benefits but also promotes overall development. Sport does not discriminate based on colour, caste, creed, sex, race etc. 54 Physical EDUCATION-XII 2.3.1Women participation in Sports – Physical, Psychological and Social benefits Women participation in sports helps them to stay fit and reduces chances of diseases. These are some physical benefits for women participating in sports. These benefits are as true for women as for their male couterparts. I. Phisical Benefits Lifestyle Diseases Sports participation helps women to stay active which, in turn, reduces chances of lifestyle diseases such as Diabetes, hi

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