World History Chapter 20 PDF

Chapter 20 REVOLUTIONS IN EUROPE AND LATIN AMERICA An Age of Ideologies SECTION 1 Introduction  European powers at the Congress of Vienna tried to uproot seeds of revolution  Other powers challenged the order that the order had imposed  Competing ideologies leads to over 30 years...

Chapter 20 REVOLUTIONS IN EUROPE AND LATIN AMERICA An Age of Ideologies SECTION 1 Introduction  European powers at the Congress of Vienna tried to uproot seeds of revolution  Other powers challenged the order that the order had imposed  Competing ideologies leads to over 30 years of turmoil in Europe Conservatives Prefer the Old Order  Conservatives worked together in an agreement known as the Concert of Europe, to bring back the political and social order that existed prior to Napoleon and the French Revolution  Preservation of Tradition  Support for Monarchy and Aristocracy  Skepticism of Radical Change  Emphasis on Religion  Opposition to Liberalism and Nationalism Liberals and Nationals Seek Change  Inspired by Enlightenment and the French Revolution  Promised freedom, wanted governments based on written constitutions  Rulers elected by the people, republican form of government  Supported laissez-faire economics (Adam Smith)  Strived for unity among people and territories, fostered nationalism, gave people with a common heritage a sense of identity Central Europe Challenges the Old Order  Early 1800s, revolution in Balkan Peninsula  Balkan’s are home to various religious and ethnic groups that had lived under Ottoman rule for more than 300 years Central Europe Challenges the Old Order  First revolution is in Serbia, 1804-1813  Serbian leader Karageorge leads a guerilla war against the Ottomans  Unsuccessful, but fosters a sense of Serbian identity  1815 Milos Obrenovic leads second and successful revolution  Ottoman sultan recognizes Serbian independence  Were assisted by Russia, who spoke same language and had the same religion  Russia would continue to defend Serbian interests Central Europe Challenges the Old Order  1821 Greece revolts  Had previously been divided, but leaders’ appeal to a “national war” united Greece in the stand against the Ottomans  Late 1820s Britain, France, and Russia force the Ottomans to grant Greek independence, although they pressured Greece to accept a German king  Various other uprisings in Spain and Italy  Klemens Von Metternich of Germany urges other conservative rulers to crush uprisings, so these uprisings don’t spread to their own countries Revolutions of 1830 and 1848 SECTION 2 French Rebels Win in 1830  The French rebels' victory in 1830 refers to the July Revolution, a pivotal moment in French history.  This revolution led to the overthrow of King Charles X and the end of the Bourbon Restoration, which had reinstated the monarchy after the fall of Napoleon French Rebels Win in 1830 cont’d  Causes:  Discontent with Charles X's Rule: His attempts to restore absolute monarchy and his conservative policies alienated much of the population, particularly the liberal middle class, disbanded legislature and limited the press  Economic Hardship: Economic distress and high unemployment further fueled public dissatisfaction.  Repressive Laws: Charles X imposed strict censorship and dissolved the Chamber of Deputies, which was seen as an attack on constitutional governance. French Rebels Win in 1830 cont’d  Three Glorious Days (July 27-29, 1830): Massive street protests and barricades in Paris led to violent clashes between the rebels and the king’s troops.  Abdication of Charles X: The uprising forced Charles X to abdicate and flee to England.  Rise of Louis-Philippe: The rebels installed Louis-Philippe of the House of Orléans as the new king, initiating the July Monarchy. He was seen as a "Citizen King" who promised to respect constitutional limits and support the bourgeoisie’s interests.  Shift in Power: The revolution marked a shift from a conservative monarchy to a more liberal constitutional monarchy, though it still failed to meet all the demands of the working class and radicals Spirit of Reform Spreads  The spirit of reform that spread after the July Revolution of 1830 in France had profound effects across Europe and beyond.  This period, often referred to as part of the broader Age of Revolutions, was marked by a series of political, social, and economic transformations. In Europe:  Belgium (1830 Revolution):  Inspired by the French, Belgium rose against Dutch rule, leading to its independence and the establishment of a constitutional monarchy.  Italy and Germany:  Although these areas remained fragmented, the spirit of reform contributed to the rise of nationalist movements and the push for unification.  Secret societies and intellectual movements, such as the Carbonari in Italy, sought to promote liberal ideas and independence from foreign domination. In Europe:  Poland (November Uprising, 1830-1831):  Poles attempted to overthrow Russian control and restore their independence, though the rebellion was ultimately suppressed.  Britain:  The reform spirit contributed to the push for the Reform Act of 1832, which reformed the British electoral system, expanding the franchise to more of the middle class and addressing some of the inequalities in parliamentary representation. The French Revolt Again in 1848  The French Revolution of 1848, also known as the February Revolution, was a significant event that marked the end of the July Monarchy under King Louis-Philippe and led to the establishment of the Second Republic. Causes  Political Discontent:  The July Monarchy had increasingly become conservative, failing to deliver on its promises of liberal reforms.  The franchise was still limited to a small wealthy elite, excluding the vast majority of the population from political participation.  Economic Hardship:  Widespread unemployment and a severe economic crisis in the mid-1840s exacerbated public dissatisfaction.  Poor harvests and rising food prices led to widespread poverty and unrest among the working classes. Causes  Social Inequality:  The industrial revolution created a growing urban working class that faced poor working conditions and lacked political representation.There was a significant gap between the wealthy bourgeoisie and the impoverished proletariat. The February Revolution  Initial Protests: The revolution began with a series of banquets organized by the opposition to discuss reforms, as public political gatherings were banned. These events quickly turned into mass protests. (utopian socialists called for an end of private property)  King Abdicates: On February 22-24, 1848, protests in Paris escalated, leading to violent clashes between the protesters and the military. King Louis-Philippe abdicated on February 24 and fled to England.  Provisional Government: A provisional government was formed, leading to the proclamation of the Second Republic on February 26, 1848. Outcomes  Establishment of the Second Republic:  Universal male suffrage was introduced, a significant step towards democracy.  The government introduced various social reforms, including the right to work and the establishment of national workshops to provide employment  June Days Uprising:  The closure of the national workshops in June 1848, due to financial strain, led to the June Days Uprising, a violent workers' revolt.  The uprising was crushed, revealing deep divisions between the working class and the bourgeoisie. Outcomes  Rise of Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte:  In December 1848, Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte, nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte, was elected as the president of the Second Republic.  He eventually seized power in a coup in 1851, proclaiming himself Emperor Napoleon III in 1852, marking the beginning of the Second Empire.  Broad Impact:  Springtime of Nations- driven by demand for national unification and liberal reforms  Most were suppressed, but laid the foundation for more change across the continent. Revolution Surges Through Europe  Austrian Empire:  Vienna witnessed mass protests demanding constitutional reforms and greater freedoms.  In Hungary, under Lajos Kossuth, a strong push for independence and national rights emerged, leading to the declaration of Hungarian independence.  However, Austrian and Russian forces eventually crushed the Hungarian revolution. Revolution Surges Through Europe  German States:  Revolutionaries sought to unify the fragmented German states into a single nation-state with a liberal constitution.  The Frankfurt Parliament was convened to draft a constitution for a unified Germany, but the movement failed as conservative forces regained control. Revolution Surges Through Europe  Italian States:  The revolutions in Italy aimed at expelling foreign rulers and unifying the various Italian states.  Prominent uprisings occurred in Lombardy-Venetia, Piedmont- Sardinia, and Rome (where a short-lived Roman Republic was established.)  Despite initial successes, most revolts were eventually suppressed by Austrian and French forces. Revolution Surges Through Europe  Other Areas:  Poland: The Poles in Prussia, Austria, and Russia also rose in hopes of regaining their independence.  Denmark and Schleswig-Holstein: Nationalist movements sought to determine the fate of these territories, leading to a war with Prussia. Outcomes  Short-Term Failures:  Most of the 1848 revolutions were suppressed within a year, with conservative monarchies regaining control and rolling back many of the reforms.  Long-Term Impacts:  Despite their immediate failure, the revolutions planted the seeds for future reforms.  The ideas of liberalism, nationalism, and democracy continued to gain traction.  The social and political changes laid the groundwork for later successful unification movements in Germany and Italy and inspired future generations of reformers and revolutionaries. Outcomes  Shift in Power Dynamics:  The revolutions highlighted the growing power of the urban working class and the middle class.  Even conservative regimes began to implement some reforms to placate the demands of the populace, such as expanding suffrage and liberalizing constitutions.  The Revolutions of 1848 remain a defining moment in European history, symbolizing the widespread demand for freedom, justice, and national self-determination.  Despite their initial setbacks, they marked the beginning of significant political and social changes across Europe. Revolts in Latin America SECTION 3 Introduction  The Latin American Revolutions, primarily occurring in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, were a series of movements that led to the independence of countries in Latin America from European colonial rule. Causes  Enlightenment Ideas:  The spread of Enlightenment ideals, emphasizing liberty, equality, and democracy, inspired revolutionaries.  American and French Revolutions:  These provided successful examples of colonial independence and the overthrow of monarchies.  Economic Exploitation:  Latin American colonies faced heavy taxation and trade restrictions imposed by European powers, fueling dissatisfaction. Causes cont’d  Social Inequality:  A rigid class system marginalized indigenous peoples, African slaves, and mixed-race populations, leading to widespread unrest.  Napoleonic Wars:  The weakening of Spain and Portugal due to Napoleon’s conquests provided an opportunity for colonies to seek independence. Key Revolutions  Haitian Revolution (1791–1804):  Led by figures like Toussaint L'Ouverture, Haiti became the first Latin American nation to gain independence and the first post-colonial black-led nation.  South American Wars of Independence (1808–1826):  Key leaders included Simón Bolívar in the north (Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia) and José de San Martín in the south (Argentina, Chile, Peru). Key Revolutions cont’d  Mexican War of Independence (1810–1821):  Initiated by Miguel Hidalgo’s "Grito de Dolores," it led to Mexico's independence from Spain.  Brazilian Independence (1822):  Uniquely, Brazil's independence was relatively peaceful, led by Dom Pedro I, who declared independence from Portugal. Consequences  Political Instability:  Many newly independent states experienced political turmoil, with frequent changes in leadership and constitutions.  Economic Challenges:  The economies of Latin American countries remained largely dependent on the export of raw materials and faced difficulties transitioning to autonomous economies. Consequences  End of Colonial Rule:  The revolutions effectively ended European colonial domination in Latin America, although neo-colonial economic influence persisted.  Rise of Nationalism:  These revolutions fostered a sense of national identity and the emergence of new nations in the region.  The Latin American revolutions fundamentally reshaped the political landscape of the Western Hemisphere and had lasting impacts on global geopolitics and economics.