WK5_HISTORY OF MEDICINE 1.pdf

PREVENTIVE MEDICINE BY: MARGAUX SHANNIN DE JOSE LECTURE 3: HISTORY OF MEDICINE: Medicine in the Modern World and Current Trends in Medicine...

PREVENTIVE MEDICINE BY: MARGAUX SHANNIN DE JOSE LECTURE 3: HISTORY OF MEDICINE: Medicine in the Modern World and Current Trends in Medicine Dr. Llenedo WHY DO WE NEED TO LEARN HISTORY? The earliest recorded form of Horus is the tutelary deity of Nekhen in Upper Egypt, who is the first known “ If you would want to understand anything, observe its beginning national god, specifically related to the and its development”. – Aristotle ruling pharaoh who in time came to be regarded as a “The value of history is that it teaches us what man has done and manifestation of Horus in life and Osiris in death. The thus what man is. “ – R.G. Collingwood promise of “immortality” ANCIENT GREEK MEDICINE The theory of humors o was derived from ancient medical works, dominated Western medicine until the 19th century, and is credited to Greek philosopher HISTORY OF MEDICINE and surgeon Galen of Pergamon (129–c. 216 both a study of medicine throughout history as well as a CE) multidisciplinary field of study that seeks to explore and o In Greek medicine, there are thought to be four understand medical practices, both past and present, humors, or bodily fluids that are linked to throughout human societies illness: blood, phlegm, yellow bile, and black bile “Those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it" Hippocrates of Kos (c. 460 – c. 370 BCE), -George Santayana, 1863 considered the "father of modern medicine." Spanish-American Philosoper Novelist The Hippocratic Corpus is a collection of Harvard University around seventy early medical works from ancient Greece strongly associated with Hippocrates and his students. Most famously, the Hippocratics invented - the Hippocratic Oath for physicians. - Contemporary physicians swear an oath of - office which includes aspects found in early REMEMBERING THE PAST editions of the Hippocratic Oath. Ancient Mesopotamian medicine MODERN MEDICINE o A cuneiform terracotta tablet describing a Started to emerge after the Industrial Revolution in the medicinal recipe for poisoning (c. 18th 18th century. century BCE). Discovered in Nippur, Iraq. Ancient Egypt, During the 19th century, economic and industrial growth o a civilisation spanning across the river Nile, continued to develop, and people made many scientific 3150 BCE discoveries and inventions. o Magical stela or cippus of Horus inscribed with Scientific breakthroughs: As “germ theory” developed, healing encantations (c. 332 to 280 BCE). scientists began to test and prove the principles of PREVENTIVE MEDICINE BY: MARGAUX SHANNIN DE JOSE LECTURE 3: HISTORY OF MEDICINE: Medicine in the Modern World and Current Trends in Medicine Dr. Llenedo hygiene and antisepsis in treating wounds and Industry: As more manufacturing processes became preventing infection. mechanized, various work-related diseases became more common. New inventions included the electrocardiograph, which These included lung disease, dermatitis, and records the electrical activity of the heart over time. “phossy jaw,” a type of jaw necrosis that Communications: As postal services and other affected people working with phosphorous, communications improved, medical knowledge was able usually in the match industry. to spread rapidly. Travel: As people traveled between various parts of the world, they carried diseases with them, including yellow fever TIMELINE OF MILESTONE: 19TH CENTURY Political changes: Democracy led to people demanding health as a human right. Humphry Davy (1800) o Described the anesthetic properties of nitrous LOUIS PASTEUR (1822-1895 oxide, known as laughing gas. Chemist and microbiologist from France, was one of the Rene Laennec (1826) founders of medical microbiology. o French doctor Showed that bacteria caused wine, beer, and milk to go o invented the stethoscope and pioneered its use sour. Boiling and cooling a liquid, he explained, would in the diagnosis of chest infections. remove the bacteria. James Blundell (1818) Germ Theory of Disease o British obstetrician o performed the first successful blood FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE (1820-1920) transfusion on a patient who had haemorrhage. British nurse, statistician, and writer. She did pioneering Crawford Long (1842) nursing work while caring for wounded soldiers during o American pharmacist and surgeon the Crimean War. o first doctor to give a patient inhaled ether In 1860, Nightingale founded a training school for anesthesia for a surgical procedure. nurses in London. Nurses who trained there went on to Elizabeth Blackwell (1849) work all over the United Kingdom. o First fully qualified female doctor in the They took with them everything that they had learned United States and the first female to be on about sanitation and hygiene, proper hospital planning, the U.K.’s Medical Register. and the best ways to achieve health. o She promoted the education of women in Nightingale’s work also marked a turning point for medicine. women, who took on a more significant role in medical Joseph Lister(1867) care. o British surgeon and a pioneer of antiseptic surgery, successfully used phenol — then INFECTIOUS DISEASES known as carbolic acid — to clean wounds and sterilize surgical instruments, resulting in a reduction in postoperative infections. PREVENTIVE MEDICINE BY: MARGAUX SHANNIN DE JOSE LECTURE 3: HISTORY OF MEDICINE: Medicine in the Modern World and Current Trends in Medicine Dr. Llenedo o Dutch doctor and physiologist Pasteur (1879) o invented the first practical electrocardiogram o produced the first laboratory-developed (ECG or EKG vaccine, which was against chicken cholera. Frederick Hopkins (1906) o Anthrax vaccine (1881) by attenuating the o an English biochemist anthrax bacterium with carbolic acid. o discovered vitamins and suggested that He demonstrated its effectiveness to vitamin deficiencies were the cause of scurvy the public using 50 sheep. All 25 of and rickets. the unvaccinated sheep died, but only one vaccinated sheep perished, Paul Ehrlich (1907) probably from an unrelated cause. o German doctor and scientist, developed a Emil von Behrin (1890) chemotherapeutic cure for sleeping sickness. o German physiologist o His lab also discovered arsphenamine o Discovered antitoxins and used them to (Salvarsan), the first effective treatment for develop vaccines for diphtheria and tetanus. syphilis. These discoveries were the start of o He later received the first Nobel Prize in chemotherapy. Physiology or Medicine. Sir Frederick Banting &Charles Herbert Best (1921) Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen(1895) o discovered insulin. o German physicist o discovered X-rays by producing and detecting 1923–1927: Scientists discovered and used the first electromagnetic radiation in this wavelength vaccines for: range. o diphtheria, pertussis (whooping cough), Bayer AG (1897) tuberculosis (TB), and tetanus. o Chemist workingin German company o Produced the first Aspirin. It was a synthetic Sir Alexander Fleming (1928) version of salicin, which they derived from the o Scottish biologist and pharmacologist, plant species Filipendula ulmaria o discovered penicillin, which came from the (meadowsweet). Within 2 years, it became a mold Penicillium notatum. global commercial success. Hans Berger (1929) TIMELINE OF MILESTONE: 20TH CENTURY o discovered human electroencephalography, Karl Landsteiner (1901) making him the first person to record brain ~ stain" o an Austrian biologist and physician waves. o identified the different blood types and classified them into blood groups. Gerhard Domagk(1932) o German pathologist and bacteriologist Alois Alzheimer (1901) o developed a cure for streptococcal infections o German psychiatrist and neuropathologist, and created Prontosil, the first antibiotic on o identified “presenile dementia,” later known as the market. Alzheimer’s disease. Max Theiler (1935) Willem Einthoven (1903) o South African microbiologist PREVENTIVE MEDICINE BY: MARGAUX SHANNIN DE JOSE LECTURE 3: HISTORY OF MEDICINE: Medicine in the Modern World and Current Trends in Medicine Dr. Llenedo o developed the first successful vaccine for yellow fever. Rune Elmqvist (1958) o doctor and engineer, developed the first Willem J. Kolff (1943) implantable pacemaker. o a Dutch doctor o He also developed the first inkjet ECG printer. o built the world’s first dialysis machine. He later pioneered artificial organs. Min Chueh Chang(1959) o Chinese- American reproductive biologist Alfred G. Gilman and Louis S. Goodman (1946) o carried out the in vitro fertilization (IVF) that o discovered the first effective cancer later led to the first “test tube baby.” chemotherapy drug, nitrogen mustard. o Chang also contributed toward the development of the combined oral Julius Axelrod and Bernard Brodie contraceptive pill, which the FDA approved in o invented acetaminophen (paracetamol, 1960. Tylenol). A group of Americans (1960) Daniel Darrow (1949) o developed the technique of cardiopulmonary o recommended using oral and intravenous resuscitation (CPR). They tested it successfully rehydration solutions to treat diarrhea in on a dog first, and the technique saved a infants. child’s life shortly afterward. o With Harold Harrison, he created the first electrolyte-glucose solution for clinical use. Sir James W. Black (1962) o Scottish doctor and pharmacologist Jonas Salk (1952) o invented the first beta-blocker after o an American medical researcher and virologist investigating how adrenaline affects the o invented the first polio vaccine. Salk was functioning of the human heart. hailed as a “miracle worker,” because polio had o Propranolol, is a treatment for heart disease. become a serious public health problem in the o Black also developed cimetidine, a treatment U.S. after World War II. for stomach ulcers. Dr. John Heysham Gibbon (1953) Thomas Starzl(1963) o American surgeon o an American physician o invented the heart- lung machine. He also o performed the first human liver transplant, performed the first ever open-heart surgery, o James Hardy, an American surgeon, carried out repairing an atrial septal defect. the first human lung transplant Inge Edler (1953) o invented medical ultrasonography Leo H. Sternbach (1963) (echocardiography). o Polish chemist Joseph Murray(1954) o discovered diazepam (Valium). o carried out the first human kidney transplant, o Throughout his career, which involved identical twins. PREVENTIVE MEDICINE BY: MARGAUX SHANNIN DE JOSE LECTURE 3: HISTORY OF MEDICINE: Medicine in the Modern World and Current Trends in Medicine Dr. Llenedo o discovered chlordiazepoxide (Librium), 1978: Doctors recorded the last fatal case of smallpox. trimethaphan (Arfonad), clonazepam George Hitchings(1979), Gertrude Elion (Klonopin), flurazepam (Dalmane), o made important medications. flunitrazepam (Rohypnol), and nitrazepam o Their pioneering work eventually led to the (Mogadon). development of azidothymidine (AZT), an HIV o John Enders and colleagues developed the first drug. measles vaccine. Dr. Baruch Samuel Blumberg (1980) Harry Martin Meyer, an American pediatric virologist, o developed the hepatitis B diagnostic test and o co-developed the rubella vaccine. It became the hepatitis B diagnostic test and vaccine. available in 1970. C. Walton Lillehei (1966) Bruce Reitz(1981) o an American surgeon o an American cardiothoracic surgeon, o carried out the first successful human successfully performed the first human pancreas transplant. heart-lung combined transplant procedure. o pioneered open-heart surgery, as well as new equipment, prostheses, and techniques for Kary Banks Mullis(1985) cardiothoracic surgery. o American biochemist o made improvements to the polymerase chain Christiaan Barnard(1967) reaction (PCR), making it possible to generate o a South African cardiac surgeon, thousands and possibly millions of copies of a o carried out the first human-to-human heart specific DNA sequence. transplant. Sir Alec John Jeffreys(1985) Doctors (1970) o a British geneticist o used the first effective immunosuppressive o developed the techniques for DNA drug, cyclosporine, in organ transplant fingerprinting and profiling that forensic procedures. departments now use worldwide. These o Cyclosporine also treats psoriasis and other techniques also resolve problems not relating auto-immune conditions, including severe to crime, such as paternity disputes. cases of rheumatoid arthritis. Raymond Vahan Damadian(1971) Eli Lilly(1986) o Armenian-American medical doctor o launched fluoxetine (Prozac), a selective o discovered the use of magnetic resonance serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) class imaging (MRI) for medical diagnosis. antidepressant that doctors prescribe for several mental health problems. Sir Godfrey Hounsfield(1971) 1987: The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) o British electrical engineer, presented the approved the first statin, lovastatin (Mevacor). computed tomography (CT or CAT) scan machine that he had developed. PREVENTIVE MEDICINE BY: MARGAUX SHANNIN DE JOSE LECTURE 3: HISTORY OF MEDICINE: Medicine in the Modern World and Current Trends in Medicine Dr. Llenedo o Statins can reduce LDL cholesterol levels by up conventional chemotherapy, which can destroy to 60 percentTrusted Source, reducing the risk fast-growing healthy cells, these drugs target specific of heart disease and stroke. proteins on cancer cells and cause less damage to the whole body. James Alexander Thomson(1998) o an American developmental biologist HIV treatment: o derived the first human embryonic stem cell The effectiveness of HIV treatment is now such that line. people who take the medication regularly will not pass on the o He later found a way to create stem cells from virus. The amount of the virus in their blood, known as viral load, human skin cells. is almost zero. Stem cell therapy: TIMELINE OF MILESTONE: 2000 TO THE PRESENT Scientists are working on making human tissue and even 2000: Scientists completed the draft Human Genome whole organs from stem cells. This technique could one day help Project (HGP). The project involves collaborators from in treatments ranging from wound healing to prosthetics and around the world. replacement livers. o It aims to Gene therapy: determine the sequence of chemical A type of genetic engineering known as CRISPR gene base pairs that make up DNA editing may make it possible in the future to prevent genetic and inherited conditions, such as heart disease, leukemia, cystic identify and map all 20,000–30,000 or fibrosis, and hemophilia. so genes of the human genome Robotics: Dr. Kenneth Matsumura(2001) o created the first bio-artificial liver. This could Robotics and remote- controlled tools can already help lead to scientists creating artificial livers for surgeons carry out certain types of procedure. One day, surgeons transplantation or other techniques that enable may carry out all operations by controlling the movements of a a damaged liver to renew itself. surgical robot while looking at a monitor. This could enable Jean-Michel Dubernard (2005) greater precision and remove some of the risks of human error. o a French transplant specialist, o carried out a partial face transplant on a woman whose face became disfigured as a result of a dog attack. o In 2010, Spanish doctors carried out a full-face transplant on a man who had been in a TAKEAWAY: CHALLENGES TODAY shooting accident. While modern medicine continues to make headway, WHERE ARE WE NOW? some significant challenges remain. Targeted cancer therapy: One is the upsurge of antibiotic resistance, partly in response to the overuse of antibiotics and also because Doctors are starting to use a new class of drug called pathogens, or germs, are adapting to resist them. biologics to treat cancer and other diseases. Unlike PREVENTIVE MEDICINE BY: MARGAUX SHANNIN DE JOSE LECTURE 3: HISTORY OF MEDICINE: Medicine in the Modern World and Current Trends in Medicine Dr. Llenedo Another is the increase in pollution and environmental hazards. While the 20th century saw a massive drop in fatalities from infection, future centuries could see that number rise again. It is not yet time to sit back and relax Muchas Gracias, Thank You, Shukran, Magsukol The Outstanding Filipino Physicians Awards 2009 “In the Service of Humanity “JCI Senate Philippines, DOH, Philhealth Manila Hotel, December 2009