HISTORY-OF-MEDICINE.pdf

HISTORY OF MEDICINE  Key Characteristics of Prehistoric Medicine: Use of Natural Resources: Healers primarily used herbs, plants, and animal parts, relying on the natural environment for remedies. Spiritual Beliefs: Health and illness were often viewed in the context of supernatural forces or spi...

HISTORY OF MEDICINE  Key Characteristics of Prehistoric Medicine: Use of Natural Resources: Healers primarily used herbs, plants, and animal parts, relying on the natural environment for remedies. Spiritual Beliefs: Health and illness were often viewed in the context of supernatural forces or spirits. Rituals and Shamanism: Rituals and shamanistic practices played a significant role, with shamans or medicine men/women acting as healers. Early Surgical Practices: Evidence of trepanation (drilling holes into the skull) suggests an early form of surgery, possibly for spiritual or therapeutic reasons. Oral Traditions: Knowledge was passed down orally, making it challenging to pinpoint specific practices and beliefs.  Trepanning – which comes from the Greek word 'trypanon', meaning a device for boring holes – is the oldest- known surgical procedure, and possibly one of the most grim. Trepanning is a process whereby a hole is drilled in the skull o relieve pressure on the skull after an injury – but it could have also been used to give a trapped demon a hole to escape. This act was actually believed to be a medical treatment and perhaps even a cure for ailments like epilepsy or “possession by evil spirits In ancient times, trepanation was an agonizing affair. The medical practitioner would use a tool made of material like flint, obsidian, or stone to drill or scrape into the patient’s head until they made it through the skull and exposed the dura mater, or the membrane surrounding the brain, to the open air. The Greeks and Romans were among the first groups to create tools specifically for trepanation, including the terebra serrata, which pierced through the skull as the surgeon rolled the instrument between their hands. Interestingly enough, the terebra serrata would later help inspire modern neurosurgery tools like the manual burr hole and electric drill. An image showing different methods of trepanation: (1) scraping, (2) grooving, (3) boring and cutting, (4) rectangular intersecting cuts EARLY WOUND CARE immersing themselves in cool water and applying mud to irritated areas sucking stings licking wounds exerting pressure on wounds to stop the bleeding. DISEASES WERE CAUSED BY GODS AND SPIRITS Magic and religion played an important role in medicine well into the nineteenth century CUPPING MESOPOTAMIANS HEPATOSCOPY - detailed examination of the liver DISEASE-MARK OF SIN  GODS OF EGYPT associated with health, illness, and death GODDESS OF HEALING mistress of heaven and the protector of women during childbirth Keket - ensured fertility  PREVALENT DISEASES: intestinal ailments Malaria trachoma night blindness Cataracts arteriosclerosis epidemic diseases ANCIENT INDIA BRAHMA - VISHNU - SHIVA ANCIENT CHINESE MEDICINE  According to Nei Ching, five methods of treatment were available: 1. cure the spirit 2. nourish the body 3. give medications 4. treat the whole body 5. use acupuncture and moxibustion, which is a treatment similar to acupuncture in which a powdered plant is burned on the skin NEI-CHING- Canon of Internal Medicine, is probably the oldest known medical book. It is a combination of philosophy, medicine, and religion, and its influence on Chinese medicine spanned more than 2,000 years. For reasons of modesty, women in ancient China used figurines to indicate the location of their symptoms SMALLPOX ANCIENT GREEK MEDICINE RUINS OF THE HEALING TEMPLE OF ASCLEPSIOS Tholos- encircled a pool or sacred spring of water for purification Abaton-a building considered to be an incubation site, where the cure took place The temples usually consisted of a theater, a stadium, a gymnasium, inns, and temporary housing PRE HIPPOCRATIC MEDICINE Pythagoras, Empedocles, and Democritus approached harmony with the universe in an objective, scientific manner Hippocrates - father of medicine 1. observe all 2. study the patient rather than the disease 3. evaluate honestly 4. assist nature CHRISTIANITY AND MEDICINE HEALING MESSAGE OF CHRIST  ST LUKE THE PHYSICIAN emphasis on compassion, forgiveness, and concern for the unfortunate and the dispossessed BUBONIC PLAGUE Bubonic plague is the most common form of plague. This occurs when an infected flea bites a person or when materials contaminated with Y. pestis enter through a break in a person's skin. Patients develop swollen, tender lymph glands (called buboes) and fever, headache, chills, and weakness. RENAISSANCE PERIOD Paracelsus: The Alchemist Journey From Medicine to Magic  Jean Fernel physiology, pathology, and therapeutics were the standard disciplines of medicine Ambroise Paré forerunner in clinical surgery Andreas Versalius -Father of Anatomy Latrochemistry combination of alchemy, medicine, and chemistry, Jan Baptista van Helmont William Harvey  Christian Huygens -developed the centigrade system of measuring temperature  Gabriel Daniel Fahrenheit -developed the system named after him for measuring temperature  Marcello Malpighi Anton van Leeuwenhoek single-lens microscope was designed in the 17th century by van Leeuwenhoek Leonardo da Vinci  Albrecht von Haller in-depth studies of the nervous system discovered the relationship of the brain cortex to peripheral nerves founder of modern physiologic theory  Lazzaro Spallanzani discarded the theory of spontaneous generation and became a pioneer in experimental fertilization  Stephen Hales demonstrated the dynamics of blood circulation, stressed the importance of the capillary system the first person to record blood pressure with a manometer.  Giovanni Battista Morgagni correlated anatomy with pathology His research and writings laid the foundation for much of modern pathology father of pathology  Edward Jenner -formulated the smallpox vaccination  William Hunter a specialist in obstetrics founded the Great Windmill Street School of Anatomy the first medical school in London  John Hunter An experimental surgeon developed a method of closing off aneurysms  Phillippe Pinel a more humane regimen be instilled at Asylum de Bicêtre near Paris CARL ROKITANSKY most outstanding morphologic pathologist of his time Rudolf Virchow all cells come from other cells  Claude Bernard founder of experimental physiology and discovered the principle of homeostasis pioneered and established the specialty of internal medicine  contributed to the pathologic and clinical understanding of chest diseases, including emphysema, bronchiectasis, and tuberculosis. a pioneer in the invention and use of the stethoscope. RENÉ-THÉOPHILE HYACINTHE LAENNEC  Ephraim McDowell performed the first successful abdominal operation to remove a huge cyst from an ovary.  J. MARION SIMS laid the foundation for gynecology and founded the Women’s Hospital of the State of New York, the first institution of its kind ASSIGNMENT: CREATE A REFLECTIVE COMMENTARY SHORT BOND PAPER SINGLE SPACE ONE PAGE ONLY TIMES NEW ROMAN 12 NORMAL MAGIN https://undark.org/2023/06/29/book-review-the-father-of-gynecology-and-his-enslaved-patient/ Joseph Priestley- discovered nitrous oxide gas Humphry Davy suggested that it be used in surgery, but he was ignored. Crawford W. Long-used sulfuric ether during surgery in 1842, he did not publicize its use. discovered that bacteria were often the origin of disease and infection; thus safe surgical procedures were introduced to minimize the risks of surgery Pioneered sterile surgery using antiseptic method LOUIS PASTEUR discovered that the decay of food could be forestalled by heating the food and destroying harmful bacteria he formulated the germ theory of disease and explained the effectiveness of asepsis and antisepsis ROBERT KOCH performed extensive research into microorganisms and founded bacteriology BENJAMIN RUSH the first American psychiatrist THE TRANQUILIZING CHAIR OF DR. BENJAMIN RUSH Benjamin Rush believed that mental diseases were caused by irritation of the blood vessels in the brain. His treatment methods included bleeding, purging, hot and cold baths, and mercury, and he invented a tranquilizer chair and a gyrator for psychiatric patients. He published many medical papers and gave medical lectures to physicians and students. WILLIAM BEAUMONT CLINICAL STUDIES OF THE HUMAN GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT, BECAME THE FIRST PROMINENT AMERICAN PHYSIOLOGIST first person to observe and study human digestion as it occurs in the stomach. GREGOR MENDEL laid the foundation of modern genetics WILHELM CONRAD ROENTGEN Pierre and Marie Curie discovered radium and provided the foundation for the use of radioactivity in the treatment of diseases. Major Walter Reed led a US Army board in discovering the cause of yellow fever Paul Ehrlich father of chemotherapy Abel, Rowntree, and Turner invented the first artificial kidney, and this led to kidney dialysis Willem Einthoven made the first electrocardiogram Hans Burger invented the electroencephalogram Lind, Eijkman, Hopkins, Szent-Gyorgyi, and Funk defined and isolated vitamins and described their role in the life process. SALK VACCINE Watson and Crick won a Nobel Prize in 1962 for accurately describing the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecule as a double helix and identifying its components. entire DNA code has now been deciphered, and this has opened a new era in the treatment and prevention of disease. The prevention and treatment of human immunodeficiency viral (HIV) infection and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) have increased health “a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, and not merely the absence of DISEASE or infirmity.” DISEASE – PATTERN OF RESPONSE OF A LIVING ORGANISM TO SOME FORM OF INJURY mortality -death rate Morbidity-occurrence of disease or conditions