Classification and Uses of Plants

CLASSIFICATION AND USES OF PLANTS  Learning Outcomes At the end of this course, the students are expected to: – Know the different botanical classification – Know the proper writing of scientific names – Know the different scientific names of plants  Course Outli...

CLASSIFICATION AND USES OF PLANTS  Learning Outcomes At the end of this course, the students are expected to: – Know the different botanical classification – Know the proper writing of scientific names – Know the different scientific names of plants  Course Outline Botanical Classification Principles How to write scientific names Uses of Plants  BOTANICAL CLASSIFICATION PRINCIPLES Artificial System Natural System Phylogenetic System Phenetics System Cladistic System  Artificial System is a non-evolutionary system as it bases on the few characters and morphology of the species. This principle became undesirable as more plants have been discovered. Natural System is based on the natural relationship between organisms. Some features are considered such as morphology and anatomy.  Phylogenetic System classification of plants according to evolutionary history.  Phenetics System or numerical taxonomy which is not reflect the evolutionary relationship. It can be considered as an early step to eliminate the subjectivity by using measured and described characters.  Cladistics System is designed to provide a less subjective way of classification. It shows the evolutionary relationships between traits.  Plant Taxonomy or Plant Systematics is the science that finds, identifies, describes, classifies, and names plants. – Bacteriology – Mycology - fungi – Algology or Phycology - algae – Lichenology – Bryology or Muscology - mosses, liverworts, and hornworts – Filicology or Pteridology – ferns  Plant Taxonomy or Plant Systematics is the science that finds, identifies, describes, classifies, and names plants. – Dendrology or Xylology - trees and other woody plants – Agrostology or Graminology – grasses – Batology – brambles (blackberry, raspberry) – Pomology - study and cultivation of fruit – Ampelography – grapes – Orchidology  Scientific Names Scientific names or Binomial Nomenclature is a scientific process wherein entities such as plants, animals, living entities are named and they are derived from Latin. How do you write a scientific name? The first letter of the genus name must be written in upper case letters. The first letter of species descriptor is always written in lower case letters, never in upper case even if it is a proper noun. And the name is to be italicized or underline Example Bamboo Bamboosa aridinarifolia Capsicum Capsicum frutescens Carrot Daucas carota Maize Zea mays Mango Mangifera indica  REVIEW OF OLD AND NEW FAMILY NAMES The International Code does accept eight alternate scientific family names that do not end in "aceae". OLD FAMILY NAME NEW FAMILY NAME COMMON FAMILY Graminae Poaceae Grass family Umbelliferae Apiaceae Aromatic flowering plant Palmae Arecaceae Palm family Labiatae Lamiaceae Mint family Leguminosae Fabaceae Pea family Compositae Asteraceae Aster, daisy, composite, or sunflower family Cruciferae Brassicaceae Mustard family Guttiferae Clusiaceae Mangosteen family USES OF PLANTS  Uses of Plants by Humans 1. Food a. Grains like rice, wheat and corn are staple foods which are consumed in great quantities; energy rich food but low in protein. b. Legumes such as soybeans, peas, beans, peanuts, are rich sources of protein. c. Root crops like cassava, sweet potato, and beets are rich in starch and sugar d. Fruits, except for banana, coconut, and grains, are not good sources of food but they add variety, flavor and some are sources of vitamins  Uses of Plants by Humans 1. Food e. Stem crops, such as sugar cane and potato are also sources of starch and sugar f. Leaves like cabbage and lettuce, are low in calories but are sources of vitamins and some minerals g. Forages and plants consumed by livestock are used indirectly by humans  a. GRAINS Bigas (Rice) – Oryza sativa  a. GRAINS Mais (Corn) – Zea mays  b. LEGUMES Mani (Peanuts) – Arachis hypogaea  b. LEGUMES Mungo (Green Gram) – Phaseolus radiatus, - Vigna radiata  b. LEGUMES Bataw (Hyacinth Bean) – Lablab purpureus - Dolichos lablab  b. LEGUMES Patani (Lima Bean) – Phaseolus lunatus  b. LEGUMES Sitaw (Stringed Bean) – Vigna unguiculata  b. LEGUMES Sigarilyas (Winged Bean) – Psophocarpus tetragonolobus  b. LEGUMES Bitswelas (Baguio bean) – Phaseolus vulgaris  b. LEGUMES Sitsaro (Garden Pea) – Pisum sativum  b. LEGUMES Kadios (Pigeon Pea) – Cajanus cajan  b. LEGUMES Katuray (Sesban) – Sesbania grandiflora  c. ROOT CROPS Labanos (Radish) – Raphanus sativus  c. ROOT CROPS Kamote (Sweet Potato) – Ipomoea batatas  c. ROOT CROPS Kamoteng Kahoy (Cassava) – Manihot esculenta  c. ROOT CROPS Ube (Purple Yam) – Dioscorea alata  c. ROOT CROPS Sinkamas(Yam Bean) – Pachyrhizus erosus  d. FRUITS Kalabasa (Squash) Cucurbita maxima  d. FRUITS Ampalaya (Bitter Melon/ Bitter gourd) Momordica charantia  d. FRUITS Pipino (Cucumber) Cucumis sativus  d. FRUITS Sayote (Chayote/ Vegetable pear) Sechium edule  d. FRUITS Upo (Bottle Gourd) Lagenaria siceraria  d. FRUITS Patola (Bath Sponge) Luffa acutangula  d. FRUITS Kamatis (Tomato) Solanum lycopersicum, Lycopersicon lycopersicum  d. FRUITS Sili (sweet pepper) Capsicum annuum  d. FRUITS Siling labuyo (Chili pepper) Capsicum frutescens  d. FRUITS Okra (Gimbo) Abelmoschus esculentus, Hibiscus esculentus  d. FRUITS Atis (Sugar apple) Annona squamosa  d. FRUITS Guyabano (Soursop) Annona muricata  d. FRUITS Anonas (custard apple) Annona reticulata  d. FRUITS Tsiko (Chico) Manilkara zapota  d. FRUITS Caimito (Star apple) Chrysophyllum cainito  d. FRUITS Dalanghita Citrus aurantium  d. FRUITS Kalamansi Citrus microcarpa  d. FRUITS Suha (Pomelo) Citrus grandis d. FRUITS Orange Citrus sinensis  d. FRUITS Mansanas (apple) Malus domestica  d. FRUITS Duhat (Jambul, Jambolan Plum) Syzygium cumini  d. FRUITS Bayabas (guava) Psidium guajava  d. FRUITS Langka (Jackfruit) Artocarpus heterophylla  d. FRUITS Rimas (breadfruit) Artocarpus camansi  d. FRUITS Mangga (Mango) Mangifera indica  d. FRUITS Kasuy (Cashew) Anacardium occidentale  d. FRUITS Sineguelas (Jocote, Mombin) Spondias purpurea  d. FRUITS Santol Sandoricum koetjape  d. FRUITS Lansones Lansium domesticum  d. FRUITS Abukado (Alligator pear) Persea americana  d. FRUITS Balimbing (star Fruit) Averrhoa carambola  d. FRUITS Pakwan (Watermelon) Citrullus lanatus d. FRUITS Papaya Carica papaya  d. FRUITS Pinya (Pineapple) Ananas comosus  d. FRUITS Strawberry Fragaria ananassa  d. FRUITS Sampalok (Tamarind) Tamarindus indica  e. STEM CROPS Tubo (Sugar Cane) – Saccharum officinarum  e. STEM CROPS Patatas (Potato) – Solanum tuberosum  f. LEAVES Repolyo (Cabbage) – Brassica oleraceae  f. LEAVES Mustasa (Mustard) – Brassica juncea  f. LEAVES Pechay – Brassica rapa subsp. chinensis  f. LEAVES Malunggay (Horse radish) – Moringa oleifera  f. LEAVES Kangkong (Potato vine) – Ipomoea aquatica  f. LEAVES Saluyot – Corchorus olitorus  f. LEAVES Letsugas (Lettuce) – Lactuca sativa  g. FORAGES Cogun – Imperata cylindrica  g. FORAGES Carrabao Grass – Paspalum conjugatum  Uses of Plants by Humans 2. Lumber plants such as forest trees are used for building purposes, to manufacture paper and raw materials in the production of rayon  2. Lumber Plants Yakal – Hopea acuminata  2. Lumber Plants Lauan – Shorea negrosensis  2. Lumber Plants Tangile – Shorea polysperma  2. Lumber Plants Apitong – Dipterocarpus grandiflorus  2. Lumber Plants Narra – Pterocarpus indicus  2. Lumber Plants Molave – Vitex parviflora 2. Lumber Plants Nipa – Nypa frusticans  2. Lumber Plants Rattan – Calamus rotang  2. Lumber Plants Kawayan (Bamboo) – Bambusa blumeana 2. Lumber Plants Buri – Corypha utan 2. Lumber Plants Buko – Cocos nucifera  Uses of Plants by Humans 3. Fiber plants like cotton, jute, abaca, ramie, etc. are used for weaving cloth and other industrial products  3. FIBER PLANTS Bulak (Cotton) – Gossypium hirsutum  3. FIBER PLANTS Abaca (Manila Hemp) – Musa textilis  3. FIBER PLANTS Rami (China Grass) – Boehmeria nivea  3. FIBER PLANTS Maguey (Century ) – Agave americana  Uses of Plants by Humans 4. Coffee and tea are the most important beverages from plant materials 4. Sources of Beverages – Kape (Coffee) – Coffea arabica 4. Sources of Beverages – Kakaw (Cocoa) – Theobroma cacao  Uses of Plants by Humans 5. Various spices like black pepper, cinnamon, and clove are obtained from plants, as is tobacco and rubber.  5. Condiments Sibuyas (Onion) – Allium cepa  5. Condiments Bawang (Garlic) – Allium sativum  5. Condiments Luya (Ginger) – Zingiber officinale  5. Condiments Paminta (Black Pepper) – Piper nigrum  5. Condiments Atsuete – Bixa orellana  Uses of Plants by Humans 6. Parts of different plants or extracts of plants are widely used to treat human ailments 7. Source of industrial energy – Bakawan (mangroves) – Rhizophora apiculata  Uses of Plants by Humans 8. Masticatories for elderly – Tabako (Tobacco) – Nicotiana tabacum – Ikmo – Piper betle  9. Source of Medicine 10 MEDICINAL PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES (DOH APPROVED)  AKAPULKO Cassia alata Ringworm bush Anti-fungal  AMPALAYA Momordica charantia Bitter gourd effective in the treatment of diabetes (diabetes mellitus)  BAWANG Allium sativum Garlic antibacterial, antiinflammatory, anti-cancer and anti- hypertensive properties.  BAYABAS Psidium guajava Guava antiseptic, anti-inflammatory, anti-spasmodic, antioxidant hepatoprotective  LAGUNDI Vitex negundo 5-leaved chaste tree treat cough, colds and fever  NIYOG-NIYOGAN Quisqualis indica Chinese honey suckle anthelmintic  SAMBONG Blumea balsamifera Blumea camphor Diuretic and used to treat kidney stones  TSAANG GUBAT Ehretia microphylla Wild tea taken as tea to treat skin allergies  ULASIMANG BATO Pepperomia pellucida Pansit-pansitan treats arthritis and gout  YERBA BUENA Mentha cordifolia Peppermint used as analgesic to relive body aches and pain due to rheumatism and gout ENDEMIC PLANTS IN THE PHILIPPINES  Endemic Plants in the Philippines Endemic – a disease that exists permanently in a particular region or population. Epidemic – An OUTBREAK of disease that attacks many people at about the same time and may spread through one or several communities. Pandemic – when an epidemic spreads throughout the world.  Endemic Plants in BSP Coins Kapa-Kapa = 10pesos Tayabak = 5pesos Waling-waling = 1peso Katmon = 25 cents Kapal-kapal baging = 5cents Mangkono = 1 cent  Kapa-Kapa Medinilla magnifica  Tayabak Strongylodon macrobotrys  Waling Waling Vanda sanderiana  Katmon Dillenia philippinensis Kapal-Kapal Baging Calotropis gigantea  Mangkono Xanthostemon verdugonianus NATIVE PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES Copeland's Pitcher Plant Nepenthes copelandii  Kalingag Cinnamomum mercadoi Ipot Palm Areca ipot Attenborough's Pitcher Plant Nepenthes attenboroughii  Philippine Tung Reutealis trisperma Round-Leaf Fountain Palm Saribus rotundifolius  Philippine teak Tectona philippinensis  Cebu Cinnamon Tree Cinnamomum cebuense  Balakat Ziziphus talanai  Kris Plant Alocasia sanderiana  References Mauseth, James D. Botany: An Introduction to Plant Biology 5th Edition, Massachusetts: Jones and Bartlett Publisher, 2012. Mauseth, James D. Plants and People. Burlington: Jones and Bartlett Learning, 2015 Bidlack, James E. Stern’s Introductory Plant Biology. New York, NY: McGraw:Hill, 2014. Leventin, Estelle. Plants and Society. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2012. Bhattacharyya, Bharati. Systematic Botany. England: Alpha Sci. Inc., UK, 2009