Tomato.pdf

PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY OF TOMATO  TOMATO Botanical name: Solanum lycopersicum L. (Previously Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) Family: Solanaceae Chromosomal number: 2n=24 Origin: Peruvian and Mexican regions (Central and south america) Ancestor: Cherry tomato (Lycop...

PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY OF TOMATO  TOMATO Botanical name: Solanum lycopersicum L. (Previously Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) Family: Solanaceae Chromosomal number: 2n=24 Origin: Peruvian and Mexican regions (Central and south america) Ancestor: Cherry tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum var. cerasiforme).  History Aztecs called them "tomatl," meaning "golden apple.“ Known as Love apple/poison apple (14th to 15th century)/wolf apple. In 16th century Italians and Romans started use of tomatoes. In 1828 Britishers introduced tomato to India through Royal Agri- Horticultural Society, Calcutta and afterwards it spread to other parts of the country. Father of tomato : Dr. C. M. Rick Linnaeus 1753 placed the tomato under the genus ‘Solanum’ and gave Solanum lycopersicum. In 2005-2006 the scientific name of tomato was changed to Solanum lycopersicum  Nutrient content Tomatoes contribute to a healthy ,well balanced diet. In tomato total sugar content is 2.5% in ripe fruit and ascorbic acid varies from 16- 65mg/100g of fruit weight, total amino acid is 100-350mg/100g of fruit weight. They are rich in minerals, vitamins, essential amino acids, sugars and dietary fibres. Tomato contains much vitamin B and C, iron and phosphorus. Composition of tomato fruit per 100g of edible part Minerals - 0.6g Nicotinic acid - 0.4g Vitamin A - 320 IU oxalic acid - 2mg 1 IU Vitamin C=50 mg 1 IU Vitamin A=0.3 mg Vitamin C - 31mg phosphorus - 36mg 1 IU Vitamin E=0.67 mg Thiamine - 0.07mg Iron - 1.8mg 1 IU Vitamin D= 0.025 mg Riboflavin - 0.01g Calcium - 20mg  Importance and uses The pulp and juice are promoter of gastric secretion and blood purifier. Antiseptic properties against intestinal infections and aslo fought against the cancer of mouth ,etc. Anti-nutritional factor: Tomatine content in ( small hard tomato: 300mg/100g and larger green fruits: 150 mg/100g of edible part Used as laboratory reagent. Preparation of a variety of processed products, such as puree, paste, ketchup, sauce, soup, syrup, juice, drinks, and canned whole peeled fruits. State Productivity (t/ha) Rank H.P. 44.21 14 U.P. 39.57 12 A.P. 37.86 3 Karnataka 33.55 2 M.P. 31.02 1 Tripura 29.73 21 Gujarat 28.43 5 Telangana 25.45 4 Punjab 24.84 17 J&K 24.63 19 Haryana 24.25 13 Assam 22.85 15 Maharashtra 21.93 9 India Area: 0.81 million ha Production: 20.57 million tonnes  Export Demand: Pune, Bangalore, Nasik and Amaravati are major exporting areas. The European markets prefers red color, cherry tomato. 1. Slicing or globe: processing or fresh consumption. The Gulf markets prefers oval/ round, medium sized fruits. 2. Beefsteak are large tomatoes: sandwiches. 3. Plum tomatoes: higher solids for use in tomato sauce Importers: Pakistan, UAE, Bangladesh, Nepal, Oman. and paste. 4. Cherry tomatoes are small, round, often sweet, and used whole in salads. 5. Grape tomatoes are a smaller variation of a plum tomato primarily used in salads. Solanum lycopersicum var. cerasiforme  Taxonomy Tomato belongs to family solanaceae and genus lycopersicon. The genus include 12 species,all native to south america. Muller (1940) divide the genus lycopersicon into sub genus Eulycopersicon (red fruited) and Eriopersicon(green fruited type). Bailey (1949) classified tomato into two species,L.esculentum and L.pimpinellifolium.with 5 botanical varieties. 10 Botanical classification of cultivated tomato according to fruit color by Mullar (1940) & Luckwill (1943) S. lycopersicum S. pimpinellifolium EULYCOPERSICON ERIOPERSICON Botanical classification of cultivated tomato according to fruit shape and plant spread by Bailey (1949) Tamarillo: Tree tomato (S.betaleum) Non-climacteric  Botanical Description Cultiavted tomato is an annual herb Roots: Tap root system having depth of 50cm or more. Stem:Growth habit is erect. Plant height is 1-4 m. The stem is solid, coarse, hairy and glandular. Leaf: leaves are compound pinnatifid with small leaflet. The petiole is long clasping. The main leaflet is shortly stalked,5 to 7cm long, ovate to oblong with margin irregularly toothed. 14  GROWTH HABIT Determinate type Indeterminate type Inflorescence clusters occur more Inflorescence clusters occur at every frequently in almost every internode third to fourth internode and the main until terminal ones are formed and axis continues growing indefinitely elongation ceases at that point (Self- (Self-topping doesn’t occur) topping occurs) After completion of vegetative Vegetative and reproductive stage growth, reproductive growth starts overlaps 3-5 flowers per cluster 1-3 flowers per cluster Eg. Pusa Gaurav, Pusa Sheetal, Hissar Eg. Pusa Ruby, Sioux, Angurlata, Arun, Hissar Lalima, HS 101, Pusa Arka Saurav, Arka Vikash, Arka Uphar, Pusa Sadabahar, Arka Ashish, Abha, Arka Ahuti, Hissar Lalit Arka Alok, Arka Meghali, Punjab Chuhara, Punjab Kesari Erect in nature Bushy in nature Staking and pruning are not Staking is required mandatory Suitable for processing (fewer Suitable for fresh market (season seeds and more meat) long supply) Determinate type Indeterminate type Flowers Flowers are borne in small forked raceme cyme. They vary in numbers from 5 to 12 each flower is borne on short pedicel Flowers are pendent, perfect, hypogynous (having the stamens and other floral parts situated below the carpels) Fruits: Fleshy berry, globular to oblate in shape and 2- 15 cm in diameter. Seeds Numerous, kidney or pear shaped. They are hairy, light brown 16 3-5mm long and 2-4 mm wide.  Pigmentation in Tomato Lycopene Carotenoids Pro-lycopene Anthocyanin (Red) (Yellow) (Tangerine) (Purple) Developed by Cathie Martin, John Aroma in tomato: Sulfonium Innes Centre, Norwich, England. Genetically modified crop  CLIMATIC REQUIREMENT Warm season crop. Optimum temperature for cultivation: 20°C - 24° C Ideal temperature for development of red and yellow colour is 18°C -25ºC. The maximum amount of lycopene development- at 21°C-24 °C Suppression of red color- Above 30 0 C. If the temperature lowers than 300C, then lycopene development is restored. At temperature below 100C tomato did not develop red or yellow color where as at temperature between 10-250C,red and yellow pigments developed and finally red color was suppressed above 300C. Temperature above 400C –Destruction of lycopene 33 SOIL REQUIREMENT - It grows well in all kinds of soil. -For early crop, a sandy loam soil is the best, While for Rabi crops heavy soils rich in organic matter are preferred. -The pH should be 6.0 – 7.0. It is moderately tolerant to acid soil (pH 5.5) -Highly acidic soil: Bacterial wilt, micronutrient deficiency Varieties/Hybrids for cultivation For use in cooking/salad purpose For processing For long distance transportation For value addition For specific region (hill/plain) For cultivation under protected structure For resistance to biotic stresses For tolerance to abiotic stresses Tomato - Arka Vishesh It has the yield potential of 750-800 q/ha. It is suitable for processing into puree, paste, ketchup, sauce, tomato crush. Tomato - Arka Apeksha It has the yield potential of 800-900 q/ha. It is suitable for processing into puree, paste, ketchup, sauce, tomato crush. Tomato - Arka Abhed High yielding F1 hybrid with multiple disease resistance (ToLCV, bacterial wilt, early blight and late blight. Plants are semi-determinate with dark green foliage, Fruits are firm, oblate round & medium large (90- 100g).Suitable for summer, kharif & rabi cultivation. Bred for fresh market & yields 70-75 t/ha in 140-150 days. Tomato - Arka Rakshak High yielding F1 hybrid with triple disease resistance (ToLCV, BW and early blight), fruits square round, large (90-100g), deep red colored, firm, suitable for fresh market and processing, yield potential 75-80 t/ha. in 140 days. Tomato - Arka Samrat High yielding F1 hybrid developed by crossing IIHR-2835 X IIHR-2832. First F1 Hybrid with triple disease resistance to ToLCV, BW and early blight. Fruits oblate to high round, large (90-110g), deep red and firm. Suitable for fresh market. Tomato - Arka Ananya A F1 hybrid of the cross TLBR-6 X IIHR-2202. Medium fruits (65-70g), firm and deep red colored having combined resistance to ToLCV and bacterial wilt. Tomato - Arka Meghali Open pollinated variety bred for fresh market, fruits medium size (65g), oblate with light green shoulder, turns deep red on ripening, suitable for rainfed cultivation, yield potential 18 t/ha in 125 days. Tomato - Arka Alok Open pollinated variety bred for fresh market, fruits on the lower clusters are round & large (120g) and in later formed clusters oblong & medium size (80g), firm with light green shoulder, resistant to bacterial wilt, yield potential 46 t/ha in 130 days Tomato - Arka Abha Open pollinated tomato variety for fresh market, fruits are oblate with light green shoulder, possess stylar end scar, average fruit weight of 75g., develops deep red colour on ripening., resistant to bacterial wilt, yield potential 43 t/ha 140 days Tomato - Arka Ashish Open pollinated variety bred for processing, fruits oval, very firm, thick fleshed with 2 locules, excellent fruit colour (lycopene 10mg/100g), TSS 4.8%, tolerant to powdery mildew and fruit cracking, yield potential 38 t/ha in 130 days  Breeding for triple disease resistance to ToLCV+BW+EB Arka Samrat (H-240) Arka Rakshak (H-241) ToLCV+BW+EBR, SD, Fruits high ToLCV+BW+EBR, SD, fruits Square Round, 90-100g. Shelf life 25-30 round, 80-90g.Shelf life 18-20 days. days. Firm with 80-85 t/ha in 140 Firm with 75-80 t/ha in 140 days days. Hybrid-240 (Rabi-Summer 2009-10) Yield : 116.67 t/ha) Single Plant : 9.0 kg/pt (225 t/ha) Marketable : 7.0 kg/pt (175 t/ha) Total no of fruits: 116 BW resistant hybrids Arka Shreshta Arka Abhijit  IIVR (Indian Institute of Vegetable Research) Kashi Anupam Kashi Vishesh (H-86)-TLCVR Kashi Amrit (DVRT-1) Kashi Abhiman Kashi Sharad Kashi Hemant ICAR Research Complex for Eastern Region-Tomato Varieties / hybrids Swarna Lalima-BWR Swarna Naveen-BWR Swarna Baibav-Processing Swarna Samridhi-BW+EBR Swarna Sampada-BW+EBR  TNAU-Tomato Varieties / hybrids COTH-1 (F1) COTH-1 (F1) COLCNRH-1 COLCNRH-2 KAU-Tomato Varieties / hybrids  IIHR-Tomato Varieties / hybrids Arka Saurabh Arka Vikas Arka Ahuiti Arka Ashish  IIHR-Tomato Varieties / hybrids Arka Abhijit Arka Shreshta Arka Ananya Arka Alok Arka Sourabh Arka Shreshta Arka Vikas Arka Vardan Arka Meghali Arka Ananya Sioux- Highyielding dwarf, spreading P u s a red plum- Table variety, determinate (IARI) P u s a early dwarf- Suitable for kharif and rabi(IARI) S- 12 - High yielding, variety from PAU P u s a Ruby- Indeterminate, flat fruits (IARI) P u s a Gaurav- Good for processing (IARI) Paiyur 1- Suitable for rainfed cultutre A r k a Saurabh- Semideterminate, round fruits; good keeping quality (IIHR) A r k a Vikas- High yielding table variety A r k a Ahuti- Oblong fruits, TSS 5.4% (IIHR) A r k a Ashish- Determinate oval fruits; tolerant to DM (IIHR) A r k a Abha- Determinate; bacterial wilt resistant (IIHR) A r k a Meghali- Rainfed' thick flesh.(IIHR) Sakthi- Resistant to Bacterial wilt (KAU) H S 101- Determinate; dwarf spreading, good for winter season(HAU)  Hisar Anmol- Tolerant to leaf curl virus, determinate (HAU) SL-120- Semideterminate, root-knot nematode tolerant (IARI) S-12- Dwarf bushy plants (PAU) Pant Bahar- Bushy and much branched (GBPU) NDT-1- Indeterminate, large fruits. NDT-120- Determinate, good for processing. Solan gola- From Himachal (YSPU) Pusa Divya- Indeterminate F1 hybrid, profusely branched, round, yield 35 t/ha. H S 102- Early variety (HAU) H S 110- Late, table purpose variety, (HAU) H i s ar Arun- Extremely early, large fruits (HAU) H i s ar Lalima- Determinate, early, ;large fruit (HAU) Hi sar Lalit- Semi determinate, root-knot nematode tolerant(HAU) Pusa Rohin Pusa Sadabahar Pusa Uphar Pusa Sheetal Varieties suitable for rainy season:  Pusa Ruby,. Arka vikas, Arka Meghali, Megha  Varieties suitable for processing:  A r k a ahuti, Arka Sourabh, Arka Ashish  Varieties resistant to ToLCV:  Nandi, Sankranti, Vaibhav, Arka Rakshak  Varieties resistant to bacterial wilt:  A r k a alok, Arka Abha, Arka shresta, Arka abhijith  Variety suitable for nematode resistace:Arka Vardana Varieties resistant to abiotic stresses: Pusa Sheetal-low temperature; Pusa hybrid 1- High temperature. Pusa Sadabahar- high and low temperature region. Varieties suitable for protected cultivation All indeterminate varieties are suitable for protected cultivation: Pusa Ruby Pusa Sel. 120 Angurlata Pant Bahar Pant T-3 Hissar Lalit Arka Abha Pusa Divya Varieties suitable for protected cultivation All indeterminate varieties are suitable for protected cultivation: Pusa Ruby Pusa Sel. 120 Angurlata Pant Bahar Pant T-3 Hissar Lalit Arka Abha Pusa Divya SEASONS Seed sowing in the plains is done thrice during the year. 1)For rainy-autumn crop: The seeds are sown in the month of June and July. 2)For autumn-winter crop: Seeds are sown in the month of Sep-Oct. 3)For spring-summer crop: Seeds are sown in the month of Jan-Feb. Seed rate: OPV :300-400 g/ha. Hybrids : 125 – 175g (Determinate or indeterminate) Seed treatment: colors and tracers (e.g., fluorescent dyes); protectants (e.g., pesticides/fungicides/bactericide); soil adjuvants (e.g., soil hydrophilic materials and hydro-absorbers); compounds that stimulate germination, growth, and stress resistance (e.g., salicylic acid, gibberellic acid, and abscisic acid); and macronutrients and micronutrients and PBM inoculants Requisites for Land preparation and Planting Soil disinfectant Control of Phytophthora, Pythium, RKN Soil solarization Methyl Bromide (Banned) Formalin (40 % commercial grade)-200 ml/10 litre of water for 1 m2 Soil incorporation FYM @ 25t /ha Neem cake @ 100 kg/ha Lime-As per needed Mulch requirement Bed size =1.5 m (width) x 10 m (length) Total length of mulch required (25 micron)= Number of beds X 10 m 1 k g mulch will cover about 43m² area total mulch required = Total length of much/ 43 m² Land preparation and Planting CONVENTIONAL METHOD OF TOMATO SEEDLING PRODUCTION HITECH NURSERY SEEDLING PRODUCTION Protrays-50/98 holes Fym: cocopeat:vermicompost=1:1:1 Fungicide Black polythene PROTECTED STRUCTURE FOR QUALITY SEEDLING PRODUCTION Planting time 4 – 5 weeks after sowing in nursery beds. Hardening before transplanting Spacing : 60×45 cm (determinate); 90 x 60 cm (Indeterminate/semi-determinate) Planting on the side of the ridges 46 Nutrient management - 35-40 Tonnes/ha FYM during field preparation - Open field condition- 150:60:60 kg/ha NPK/ha (2-3 split doses) 1/3rd (basal)+(1/3rd +1/3rd ) or 2/3rd - Protected condition- 200:250:250 kg/ha NPK (3/4th Pas basal+ remaining through fertigation) - Micronutrients Calcium choride/Calcium ammonium nitrate Boron-20/30 Kg/ha Soil test based nutrient management is recommended Water management Critical stages 1. Seedling stage 2. Vegetative stage 3. Veg-flowering transition phase 4. Flowering stage 5. Fruit development stage  Use of growth regulators and chemicals: Chemicals Common name Doses(mg/litre) Effective 2,Chloroethyl phosponic acid Ethephon 200-500 whole plant Flowering induction, better rooting spray and setting of plants 2,Chloroethyl cycocel 500-100 Flower bud, stimulate pigment formation and increase fruit set 2,4 Dichlorophenoxy acetic acid 2,4-D 2-5 seed treatment, Increase fruit set, earliness and whole plant spray parthenocarpy 3 Indole butyric acid 3 Indole IBA 50-100 Increase fruit set acetic acid IAA Foliage spray Increase fruit size and yield Naphalene acetic acid NAA Spray oil Higher fruit set, yield Parachlorophenoxy acetic acid PCPA 50mg foliar spray Higher fruit set under adverse climatic condition 6-4Hydroxy methyl 8 methyl GA 50-100 foliar spray Elongate shoot growth and increase gibberline fruit yield 50  Cultural Practices of Tomatoes Weed control two hand hoeing in the first and third fortnight after transplanting and an earthing up operation during the seasonal fortnight. The application of pre emergence herbicides like metribuzin at 0.35kg/ha, fluchloraline 1.25kg/ha pendimethalin @1.0kg/ha as pre emergence application at three days after transplanting was found very effective in suppressing the weeds. 51 Staking Staking Training Double stem https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HfXzT9UZCM0&ab_channel=GaryP 54 ilarchik%28TheRustedGarden%29 Three stem  Desuckering https://www.google.com/search?q=how+to+identifyy+tomato+suckers&oq=how+to+identifyy+tomato+suckers&aqs=ch rome..69i57j0i13j0i390l2.5781j0j9&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8#kpvalbx=_TcoUYY6WHO6prtoP3OW6qAc32  Fruit support Truss reinforcer Truss hooks https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nv3hT1TfVos&ab_channel=LearnHowToGarden https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tUhredkJAdM&ab_channel=SpringHillFarms Pruning:  St a r t pruning 30 DAT  Pr une the plants to two stems by removing the lateral suckers  He l ps maintain balance between vegetative growth and fruit production  Perform every 8-10 days Harvesting 1.Mature green stage: removal of calyx, yellowish green colour at blossom end, seeds are surrounded by jelly like substances filling the seed cavity. For long distance transportation. 2.Breaker stage: Tomatoes break the green color spell and jump to tannish-yellow, pink or red color up to 10% of the surface of the fruit. 3. Turning stage: 1/4th of the fruit especially at blossom end shows pink colour. 4. Pink stage: 3/4th of the surface pink colour. 5. Hard ripe stage: Nearly all red with firm flesh 6. Over ripe: Fully coloured and soft. Suitable for processing. Sorting & Grading The Bureau of Indian standards has specified four grades, viz. super A, super, fancy and commercial. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oEX0JAwgxX8&ab_channel=IndianAgriVideos 59 Storage The tomato can be stored in low temperature and evaporative cool storage. The best storage temperature is from 12° C to 15° C. When stored at freezing point, the fruits show low temperature injury. Mature green fruits can be kept for as long as 30 days at 10° C to 15° C. ripe tomatoes can be kept for 10 days at 4.5 ° C. The recommended relative humidity is 85-90 %per cent. Tomato can be stored under normal conditions for 7-10 days. 60 Yield Cultivar/ hybrid Crop management Open/protected cultivation Soil condition Climatic condition Extraction of seeds Addition of commercial HCl Decantation of acidified liquid and separation of slimy mass @75ml/12 kg of material and kept washing with water 2 3 times for 30 min 1. Acid treatment method  Entire mass is kept Flesh – top and seed- for 24-72 hours bottom Crushing of pulp Cleaning with (Manual/machine) water 8-10 times 2. Fermentation method  Mixture to stand for overnight Flesh – top and seed- separation of slimy mass Addition of 300 g of bottom washing soda in 4 litre of boiling water 3. Alkali method  Physiological disorders of tomato: Blossom end rot: symptom Brown water soaked discoloration appears at the blossom end of the fruit Cause i)Due to Ca deficiency ii) Moisture imbalance iii)Excess Soil acidity iv)Increasing level of nitrogen content in the fruits v)Damage of root during intercultural operations Control Foliar spray of 0.5% calcium chloride (CaCl2) at during fruit development Proper water and nutrient management management (Calcium ammonium nitrate application) Lime application Fruit cracking: Radial cracking- surface of the mostly full ripe fruits cracks radially from the stem end of the fruit (More severe) Concentric cracking: surface of mostly mature green fruits cracks concentrically around the shoulder of the fruit. Radial Cause Irrigation or rainfall after long dry spell Exposure of fruits to sun due to pruning and staking Boron deficiency Control 1) Irrigation at regular intervals 2)Pruning and staking during summer season should be Concentric avoided 3)Spraying seedlings before transplanting with 0.3-0.4% borax solution. 5) Growing resistant varieties like Sioux, Roma, Punjab chuhara, Pusa ruby, Arka Saurabh, Pant T1 etc. Sun scald: Exposed portion of either green or nearly ripe fruits get blistered and water soaked due to extreme heat of scorching sunshine. This problem is common in plants that have lost considerable foliage. For this reason, training and pruning in tomato aggravate this disorder. Control: 1) Protection of plants from defoliation by diseases and insect pests 2) Training and pruning in summer months should be avoided Puffiness: Outer wall of the grown up fruits (two-third normal size) continues to develop normally but growth of the remaining internal tissues (Placenta, mesocarp) is retarded resulting in partially filled fruit which is light in weight and lacks in firmness. Cause Non fertilization of ovules Embryo abortion after normal fertilization High temperature and high soil moisture are the primary factors responsible for this disorder. Normal Puffiness Cat face: Distortion of the blossom end of the fruit gives rise to various ridges, furrows and indentation in a localized area of the fruit. Cat face is named due to these ridges and indentations. Cause Abnormal weather conditions Gold fleck: In the fruit surface around the calyx and fruit shoulder, tiny yellow spots often appear which are called gold flecks. Cause Deposition of calcium oxalate Potassium deficiency Excess moisture Fruit cracking resistant cultivars are more susceptible to gold fleck disorder Uneven ripening disorders Blotchy ripening Gray wall Yellow shoulder internal whitening parts of the fruit the outer fruit walls Discoloration occurs the outer and inner surface remain green, turn brown or gray on the “shoulders” fruit walls become yellow, or orange and and collapse, of the fruit (If green- white and corky. do not ripen Green back) Cause K deficiency Highly variable air temperatures during mid-late stages of fruit ripening with high humidity Unfruitfulness Cause High day and night temperature (320 C/200 C) Low temperature below 130 C Due to reduction in pollen viability and pollen germination on stigma Moisture stress during flowering stage and early fruit setting stage Management High temperature tolerant varieties (HS-102, Pusa Hybride-2, Punjab Kesar, Punjab Chuhara, and Hot set) Growing low temperature tolerant varieties like Pusa Sheetal, Cold set. Application of growth substances like parachlorophenoxy acetic acid (PCPA) 50 ppm at full bloom stage or 2,4 D, 1-2 ppm prior to anthesis. Silvering: This disorder affect stems, leaves and flowers. In the stem silvering, grey-green stripes of varying number and width appears. This disorder may be caused due to exposure of plants to low temperature (