PMB 3005W Lecture Notes (22JAN2024) PDF

In this class, WE PMB 3005W Jan 23, 2023 Review of Syllabus Review of eLabJournal Make sure you open the email from eLabJournal and set up an account. 1 group member starts a new experiment study and imports the protocol. Only one person can work on a section at a time, remember to click the save ic...

In this class, WE PMB 3005W Jan 23, 2023 Review of Syllabus Review of eLabJournal Make sure you open the email from eLabJournal and set up an account. 1 group member starts a new experiment study and imports the protocol. Only one person can work on a section at a time, remember to click the save icon to allow another student to edit. Create a new text box at the end to copy in the Assignment questions. Answer the questions directly in eLabJournal. Upload any required images and attach spreadsheets as excel files – No links to google sheets! When you have completed the assignment click ‘Complete’ in eLabJournal. Do not edit after the assignment due date, the TAs will be looking at the ‘Last Updated’ date to determine whether your group completed the assignment on time. What We Learned Every week I will randomly select five groups to share one thing they learned from lab the previous week. Why should you know more about plants? Plants, like most animals, are multicellular eukaryotes Bacteria Archaea Fungi Animals Plants Common ancestors Photo credits: Public Health Image Library; NASA; © Dave Powell, USDA Forest Service; tom donald Plants are diverse Grasses Ferns Flowering Plants Club mosses Seed Plants Conebearing plants Vascular Plants Mosses Liverworts Land Plants Broadleafed plants Green algae Plants have evolved the ability to thrive in diverse land habitats Images courtesy tom donald Plants have evolved to inhabit extreme environments The Plant Journal, Volume: 101, Issue: 4, Pages: 979-1000, First published: 17 January 2020, DOI: (10.1111/tpj.14694) Plants are amazing living organisms Largest flower (~ 1m) Rafflesia arnoldii – ‘monster/corpse flower’ Largest organism (> 100m) Longest living (~ 5000 years) Pinus longaeva – bristlecone pine tree in California, Nevada, and Utah Sequoiadendron giganteum – Giant sequoia, western Sierra Nevada, CA Photo credits: ma_suska; Bradluke22; Stan Shebs We couldn’t live without plants Plants produce most of the oxygen we breath One large tree can generate a 1 day supply of oxygen for 4 people. 20% of the world’s oxygen comes from the Amazon Rainforest We couldn’t live without plants Plants clean the air Global forests removed ~1/3 fossil fuel emissions b/w 1990-2007. US Forest Service Estimated that urban trees in the US remove ~711,000 metric tons of pollution annually. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2006.01.007 We couldn’t live without plants Plants produce an amazing assortment of chemicals and compounds Novel therapeutic drugs (willow bark: aspirin; Foxglove: digitalis (cardiac problems); Pacific Yew: taxol (cancer treatment); Coffee and tea: caffeine caffeine Fibers for paper and fabric, wood morphine Renewable energy sources to replace petroleum: sugars, starches and cellulose can be fermented into ethanol. vitamin C Sources of biorenewable and biodegradable resources vitamin A Plants are diverse Grasses Ferns Flowering Plants Club mosses Seed Plants Conebearing plants Vascular Plants Mosses Liverworts Land Plants Broadleafed plants Green algae Plants have evolved the ability to thrive in diverse land habitats Images courtesy tom donald Plant biodiversity is important for ecosystem function Loss of biodiversity = loss of ecosystem productivity Plants are critical for the quality and makeup of the atmosphere and soils. Plants regulate flow of water. Photosynthesis is at the bottom of the food chain! Environ Evid 6, 3 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13750-017-0081-3 Why study plants? To help conserve endangered plants and threatened environments To learn more about the natural world To better harness the abilities of plants to provide us with food, medicines, clothes, and energy Nature 574, 679–685 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1693-2 Studying about plants informs us about our world Cells were first observed in plants. Drawing of cork by Robert Hooke, discoverer of “cells” Photograph of cork cells Photo credit: ©David B. Fankhauser, Ph.D Viruses were first purified from plants Viruses infect humans as well as plants, causing many diseases including AIDS, hepatitis, SARS, swine flu, cervical cancer, chicken pox, and polio. Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV) 1890s Dmitry Ivanovsky Image Copyright 1994 Rothamsted Research. Mendel’s studies of peas revealed the laws of inheritance Mendel’s studies of peas revealed the laws of inheritance...which help us understand human diseases such as sickle cell anemia... Mendel’s studies of peas revealed the laws of inheritance...and hemophilia, as well as countless other human diseases that have a genetic contribution....which help us understand human diseases such as sickle cell anemia... Pedigree of family carrying hemophilia allele The world population continues to grow Global population expected to hit 9.2 billion in 2050 requiring 60-70% increase in agricultural production. Data source: Food and Agriculture Organization (FOA) and World Bank Malnutrition and hunger disproportionately kill children In 2004, 60 million people worldwide died. (Source: World Health Organization, 2008) Malnutrition and hunger disproportionately kill children 10 million of them were children under 5 years of age, of which 99% lived in low- or middle-income countries (Source: World Health Organization, 2008) Malnutrition and hunger disproportionately kill children 5 million children under the age of 5 die each year due to undernutrition and related causes. That’s one preschool-aged child dying a preventable death every six seconds. (Source: World Health Organization, 2008) Malnutrition and hunger disproportionately kill children A lack of adequate vitamin A kills one million children a year. (Source: World Health Organization, 2008) More than two billion people per year are chronically anemic due to iron deficiency That’s about the total population of the USA, Canada, the EU, and China. (Source: World Health Organization, WHO Global Database on Anaemia) What can we do about this? Plant scientists can contribute to the alleviation of hunger By developing plants that are tolerant to abiotic stress (drought, heat, cold) require less fertilizer or water – many nutrients are limiting and energy demanding to acquire are resistant to pathogens – through genetic engineering are more nutritious – improve nutrient uptake and use, genetically biofortified A lot of that work is happening here at UMN! Dr. Rebecca Montgomery Dr. Walid Sadok Associate Professor Dept. of Forest Resources Associate Professor Dept. of Agronomy and Plant Genetics Understanding how plants interact with and respond to the environment and how that impacts forest dynamics, forest management, and biodiversity. Enhancing crop resilience towards environmental stressors. Dr. Ya Yang Assistant Professor Dept. of Plant and Microbial Biology Study the evolution of plant diversity and ability to survive diverse climates. A lot of that work is happening here at UMN! Dr. Candice Hirsch Dr. Feng Zhang Associate Professor Dept. of Agronomy and Plant Genetics Assistant Professor Dept. of Plant and Microbial Biology Applies genomics and high throughput phenotyping to improve corn as a crop. Improve plant productivity and quality through efficient genome editing and synthetic biology. Dr. Laura Shannon Assistant Professor Dept. of Horticultural Sciences Develop new potato cultivars to address changing environmental, disease and market pressures Plant Anatomy Lab Objectives Gain some knowledge of plant anatomy and how it is derived through plant cell growth and division by: 1. Sectioning and staining shoot and root tissue to examine under the microscope 2. Making epidermal peels to examine stomata under the microscope 3. Examine and identify flower organs. 4. Stain seeds for starch and study a young seedling. This week’s lab: Plant Anatomy Shoot Root Stem cross section New Phytol. 2004, 164(2) https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2004.01191.x Leaf This week’s lab: Plant Anatomy Flower Satterlee JW and Scanlon MJ (2019) Plants 8(10). https://doi.org/10.3390/plants8100433 y and and growth growth axes. axes. 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