Research Methods Lecture Notes PDF

Research Methods Week 2, Lecture 1 January 15, 2024 Recap: 1. Descriptive Research 2. Correlational Research 3. Experimental Research Design a research study Select a research design to test the whether there is an association between spatial processing & arithmetic What is your hypothesis Describe...

Research Methods Week 2, Lecture 1 January 15, 2024 Recap: 1. Descriptive Research 2. Correlational Research 3. Experimental Research Design a research study Select a research design to test the whether there is an association between spatial processing & arithmetic What is your hypothesis Describe the advantages & disadvantages to the selected design Research Designs to Study Human Development Year data collected Time 1: 2020 2015 Cohort 2 2016 Cohort 3 2017 Year of birth Cohort 1 Cross-sectional Design Year data collected Time 1: 2020 Grade 1 2015 Cohort 2 Grade 2 2016 Cohort 3 Grade 3 2017 Year of birth Cohort 1 Cross-sectional Design Year data collected Time 1: 2020 Time 2: 2021 Time 3: 2022 Cohort 1 Grade 1 Grade 2 Cohort 2 Grade 2 2016 Cohort 3 Grade 3 2017 Grade 3 Longitudinal Design 2015 Year of birth Cross-sectional Design Year data collected Cohort 1 Cohort 3 Time 2: 2021 Time 3: 2022 Grade 1 Grade 2 Grade 3 2015 Grade 1 Grade 2 2016 Grade 1 2017 Longitudinal Design Year of birth Cohort 2 Time 1: 2020 Sequential Design Summary of Developmental Research Design: Research design Advantages Disadvantages Cross-sectional Examines changes between participants in different age groups at single time Provides info on age differences Cannot examine change over time Limited to one time in history Cohort differences confounded with age differences Longitudinal Examines changes within individuals over time Provides developmental analysis Expensive Takes a long time Participant attrition Possibility of practice effects Limited to one cohort Time in history effects confounded with age change Sequential Examines changes within individuals over time Examines changes between participants of different ages at the same time point Can be used to examine cohort effects Can be used to examine time in history effects May be expensive May take a long time Possibility of practice effects Some participant attrition Schaie, 1965; Schaie & Baltes, 1975 Behavioural Methods of Data Collection Methods of Data Collection Self-Report: measures where person under study answers questions about his or her experiences, attitudes, opinions, beliefs, and behavior Types: Open-ended interview Structured interview Questionnaire 11 Methods of Data Collection Observational methods: collect and organize information based on watching and monitoring people’s behavior Types: Naturalistic observation Structured observation 12 Methods of Data Collection Computer Paradigms: Response Times and Accuracy Rates Brain Imaging Methods of Data Collection Methods of Data Collection Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Measures anatomical and functional (fMRI) brain changes Methods of Data Collection Diffusion Tensor Imaging Measures brain structure Technique to estimate the location and orientation of white matter tracts by measuring the diffusion of water molecules 16 Methods of Data Collection Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) Measures brain function Oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin have different light absorptive properties 17 Methods of Data Collection Electroencephalography (EEG) 18 Methods of Data Collection Event-related Potentials (ERPs) (Shimi et al., 2014) 19 Next class…. Prenatal Development