Principles of Pharmacology PDF

PRINCIPLES OF PHARMACOLOGY Presented by: apt. Evelyn, S.Farm., M.Farm.  Course Description This course introduces the underlying principles of pharmacology and provides a perspective of the historical, terminology, branches and fundamental of pharmacology as a ba...

PRINCIPLES OF PHARMACOLOGY Presented by: apt. Evelyn, S.Farm., M.Farm.  Course Description This course introduces the underlying principles of pharmacology and provides a perspective of the historical, terminology, branches and fundamental of pharmacology as a basis for designing therapeutic strategy. This course will discuss physiological, biochemical, and anatomical foundations for the interaction of drugs and chemicals with biological systems. The students are also introduced to the concepts of the interactions of chemical agents with living tissues in terms of pharmacological effect, as well as toxic effect. At the end of the course, students are exposed to the applications of pharmacology of several classes of drugs. Learning Outcomes Session Planning  Total Course Assessment Type Weight Quiz & assignments 20% Mid Term Exam 35% Final Exam 45% Attendance Policy Students must follow i3L code of conduct. Students are expected to follow the entire course (100% attendance), however, to be eligible for the examination, a minimum of 80% attendance is acceptable. Absences are not judged, and there is no such thing as an “excused absence” at i3L. Students are either able to attend or not. An absence is excused only if the student is under a doctor’s care. In this case, a Medical Certificate must be submitted to Academic Operations and notification by email to Academic Operations and Faculty is a matter of courtesy to faculty and staff.  Grading Policy Score Range Grade Status 85 – 100 A Passed 80 – 84.9 A- Passed 75 – 79.9 B+ Passed 70 – 74.9 B Passed 65 – 69.9 B- Passed 60 – 64.9 C+ Passed 55 – 59.9 C Passed 50 – 54.9 D+ Failed 45 – 49.9 D Failed 0 – 44.9 E Failed  Academic Integrity Statement I3L does not tolerate acts of cheating, plagiarism, falsification, multiple submissions, attempting or assisting with an academic integrity violation. If i3L becomes aware of a potential academic integrity violation and should determine, after consultation with the student, that an academic integrity violation has taken place, i3L reserve the right to assign a grade penalty up to and including an F for the course.  Rules Students are expected to follow the entire course (100% attendance). However, to be eligible for the examination, a minimum of 80% attendance is acceptable. Late is not more than 10 minutes. After 10 minutes, you are allowed to enter class, but your attendance is canceled. Students are expected to bring a laptop (for creating group discussion PPT slides, submitting assignment and doing quizzes) Drinks are allowed Assignment deadlines must be met. Any late will result in a 20% score deduction. No submissions will be accepted on the next day.  LEARNING OUTCOME Dissect the basic concept of drug and its interaction to human body system. 1 INTRODUCTION What is PHARMACOLOGY? PHARMAKON: DRUG OR MEDICINE LOGOS: STUDY OR SCIENCE 11  Terminology in Pharmacology Generic name General name of the drug. Mostly derived from its chemical name. Universally known. Marketed without advertising. Ex: Acetylsalicylic acid (Aspirin) Acetaminophen (Panadol) Brand name The name of the drug named by the company. Each company has different brand name. Divided into 2: produced during the patent term (patented drug), or produced after patent drug term finished. Ex: Acyclovir – Zovirax – Danovir, Clinovir Amoxicillin – Amoxyl – Amoxan 1 What about this?  Pharmacotherapeutic The use of drugs to treat disorders; Emphasizing on clinical management Pharmacoepidemiology The study of the effect of drugs on populations; study the influence of genetics towards the drugs Pharmacoeconomics The study of the cost-effectiveness of drug treatments Pharmacodynamics The study of drugs effect on the body; what is the mechanism of drugs 1  Pharmacokinetics The study of how the body deals with drug; drug’s fate inside the body. How it absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted. Pharmacognosy The study about natural sources (plant and animal) as drugs Toxicology The study about the toxic effect of drugs 1  Sources of drugs Plant: Microorganism: Vincristine, Digitalis, Penicillin, Streptomycin, Gingerol, Allicin Chloramphenicol Mineral: FeSO4, Al(OH)3, Drugs Synthesis: ZnO Cocaine, alcohol, acetylsalicylic acid Human and Animal: Epinefrin, Insulin, Heparin, Thyroid 1 https://pharmanotes.wordpress.com/2015/06/10/routes-of-drug-administration/ 1  Route of administration https://pharmanotes.wordpress.com/2015/06/10/routes-of-drug-administration/ 1 Miles, Hacker, et al. 1  Oral Advantages: Easily self-administered, Toxicities and/or overdose of oral drugs may be overcome with antidotes, such as activated charcoal. Disadvantages: Low gastric pH inactivates some drugs, High firstpass metabolism. 30-40% bioavailability, Unpalatable drugs can’t be administered, Can’t be given to unconscious patient, or patient with nausea or vomiting. 2  Sublingual/ buccal Sublingual: The drug is placed under tongue. Buccal: : The Drug is placed in between gums and cheeks. Advantages: Ease of administration, Rapid absorption, Bypass of the harsh gastrointestinal (GI) environment, Avoidance of firstpass metabolism Disadvantages: If swallowed drug may be inactive Drug must remain under the tongue until dissolved. 2 2  Intravenous (IV) I.V. injection is the most common parenteral route. Drug is directly injected as a bolus or infused slowly over hours in one of the superficial veins Advantages: Rapid onset of action, 100% bioavailability, No or less firstpass metabolism Less amount of drug is required as compared to any other route as there is no firstpass metabolism, Intima of veins is insensitive and drugs get diluted with blood, therefore, even highly irritant drugs can be administered. Disadvantages: Thrombophlebitis of injected vein and necrosis of adjoining tissues if extravasation occurs. Chance of causing air embolism is another risk. Most risky route- vital organs like heart, brain etc. get exposed to high concentration of drugs Preparations are costly, Drugs must be isotonic with blood. 2  Intramuscular (IM) The drug is injected in one of the large skeletal muscles-deltoid, triceps, rectus formis, etc. muscles are richly supplied with sensory nerves and is more vascular. Advantages: Less painful, Depot preparations can be injected by this route, Mild irritant drugs can also b administered. Disadvantages: Self injection is not possible as deeper penetration is needed, Should be avoided in anticoagulant treated patients as it can produce local haematoma. 2  Subcutaneous (SC) The drug is deposited in the loose subcutaneous tissue which is richly supplied by nerves but is less vascular. Advantages: Self injection is possible as deep penetration is not needed Repository (depot) preparation that are aqueous suspensions can be injected for prolonged action Minimum risk of haemolysis or thrombosis. Disadvantages: This route should be avoided in shock patients who are vasoconstricted as absorption will be delayed, Irritant drugs can’t be injected Absorption will be delayed as compared to any other parenteral routes. 2  Topical It refers to external application of the drug to the surface for localized action. Drugs can efficiently delivered to the localised lesions on skin, nasal mucosa, eyes, ear canal, anal canal or vagina in the form of powder, ointments, cream, spray, drops, paints, suppositories. 2  Transdermal This route of administration achieves systemic effects by application of drugs to the skin, usually via a transdermal patch. The rate of absorption can vary markedly, depending on the physical characteristics of the skin at the site of application, as well as the lipid solubility of the drug. 2  Nasal inhalation Inhalation routes provide rapid delivery of a drug across the large surface area of the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract and pulmonary epithelium. Advantage: Effects are as rapid as with I.V. injections, Provides systemic effects, Convenient for patients with respiratory problems (asthma or c.o.p.d) Minimum systemic side effects. 2  Rectal/ vaginal Rectal: Drug is placed/ inserted into the rectum. Vaginal: drug is inserted into vagina. Advantages: 50% of the drainage of the rectal region bypasses the portal circulation; the biotransformation of drugs by the liver is minimized with rectal administration. Prevent destruction of the drug by the GI environment. Useful if the drug inducing vomiting is given orally or if the patient is already vomiting, or if the patient is unconscious, Disadvantages: Rectal absorption is often erratic and incomplete Many drugs irritate the rectal mucosa Inconvinient 2 Drug Response Drug Physiological Receptor changes 30  How can drugs be classified based on their responses in the body?  Pharmacokinetic Pharmacodynamic 3 Pharmacokinetic Disintegration Dissolution Absorption Distribution Biotransformation/ Metabolism Excretion 3 Pharmacokinetic Stomach/ intestine pH Enzyme Disintegration Dissolution Drug solubility in water/ oil 3 Pharmacokinetic Absorption Hepatic First Pass Metabolism 3  Absorption occurs through layer of epithelial cells that have tight junction. Epithelial cell => BARRIER! 3  What can we get from absorption process? Concentration of drugs in the plasma Bioavailability Quantity of drug reaching the systemic circulation Quantity of drug administered 3 Pharmacokinetic Drug structure and drug solubility Variables impacting Drug formulation absorption Route of Administration Absorption Hepatic first pass effect Gastric Emptying Duration 3 Pharmacokinetic Distribution Receptor 4  Distribution Drugs are distributed into the target organs. Vd = Dose/ [drug] plasma Vd= volume of fluid needed to solubilize the drug at steady state 4 Pharmacokinetic Elimination Biotransformation/ Excretion Metabolism active inactive toxic 4  Pharmacodynamic the actions of a drug on the body. Most drugs exert effects, both beneficial and harmful, by interacting with specialized target macromolecules called receptors, which are present on or in the cell. Receptor The drug-receptor complex initiates alterations in biochemical and/or molecular activity of a cell by a process called signal transduction Site of action Why drug doesn’t cause random effect? It works specifically on sensitive tissue 4 Summary of Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic 4  Therapeutic effect Desired effect of the drugs Match with drug’s indication Side effect Unwanted effect, but mostly known by physicians (anticipated) Mild reaction Adverse effect Unwanted effect, but mostly unexpected by physicians Can be fatal and need fast treatment/ antidote 4  What effect is this? Antibacterial for skin infection, urinary tract infection Diarrhea, nausea, Shock anaphylaxis: cause by allergy vomiting, headache, reaction towards penicillin -> lead to stomach pain death (struggling to breath, dizziness, confusion, sudden feeling of weakness, loss of consciousness) 4 Video 1 4  Video 2 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mH81Q9Dtodc 4  SUMMARY What is pharmacology? What is pharmacodynamics? What is pharmacokinetics? Why drug has effect in our body? List 3 kinds of drug’s effect. What are 4 major pillars of pharmacokinetics? 5  THANKS! Does anyone have any questions? [email protected] +91 620 421 838 yourcompany.com CREDITS: This presentation template was created by Slidesgo, Slidesgo including icons by Flaticon, infographics & images by Freepik Flaticon Freepik Please keep this slide for attribution