Week 5 PPT Introduction to Psychology PDF

Week 5: Learnin g CCSS4009 Introduction to Psychology Today’s Rundown ASSOCIATIVE NON-ASSOCIATIVE OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING LEARNING LEARNING Learning 1. Associative learning 2. Non-associative learning 3. Observational learning Learning A relatively permanent change i...

Week 5: Learnin g CCSS4009 Introduction to Psychology Today’s Rundown ASSOCIATIVE NON-ASSOCIATIVE OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING LEARNING LEARNING Learning 1. Associative learning 2. Non-associative learning 3. Observational learning Learning A relatively permanent change in behaviour (or the capacity for behaviour) due to experience Non-associative Learning Habituation Reactions to repeated stimuli that are unchanging and harmless decrease Sensitisation After exposure to a strong stimulus, reactions to subsequent stimuli are increased Conserving Resources vs Increased Alertness Habituation – milder stimuli Sensitisation – stronger stimuli Associative Learning When we form associations among stimuli and behaviours “If A happens, then B is likely to follow” Classical conditioning Operant conditioning  Classical Conditioning  Acquisition The development of a learned response Contiguity - timing of the pairing Contingency – frequency of the pairing  Extinction (classical conditioning) The reduction of a learned response; when UCS no longer follows CS Not forgetting but rather new learning overriding the old Extinction training Susceptible to spontaneous recovery  Inhibition (classical conditioning) s When a CS predicts the non-occurrence of a UCS (thus becoming an inhibitory CS) As opposed to excitatory CS After Acquisition Generalisation (classical conditioning) The tendency to respond to stimuli that are similar to the original CS Discrimination The ability to distinguish between stimuli Other Classical Conditioning Principles Higher-order Conditioning When stimuli associated with a CS also elicit CRs Latent Inhibition The slower learning that occurs when a conditioned stimulus (CS) is already familiar compared to when the CS is unfamiliar. Mini Recap – Classical Conditioning Terms Unconditioned stimuli (UCS) and unconditioned response (UCR) Neutral stimuli Conditioned stimuli (CS) and conditioned response (CR) Acquisition Extinction and spontaneous recovery Inhibition (CS-) Generalisation Discrimination Higher-order conditioning Applications of Classical Conditioning (1 of 2) Inducing fear o Little Albert Overcoming fear o Exposure therapy o Flooding o Systematic desensitisation Applications of Classical Conditioning (2 of 2) Contribute to addiction o Higher-order conditioning Treating addictions o Aversion therapy Contribute to prejudice Latent inhibition  Operant Conditioning Operant Conditioning ‘Associating behaviours with the outcomes or consequences’ Difference to Classical Conditioning: What is associated Types of behaviour Key Terms for Operant Conditioning Positive reinforcement Negative reinforcement Positive punishment Negative punishment Different Kinds of Reinforcers Primary reinforcers Secondary reinforcers Schedules of Reinforcement Continuous reinforcement Partial reinforcement o Fixed ratio o Variable ratio o Fixed interval o Variable interval  Extinction (operant conditioning) The reduction of a learned response; when behaviour no longer followed by reinforcing consequence Success depends on reinforcement schedule o Quicker for continuous reinforcement o Behaviours learned through partial reinforcement schedules are more difficult to extinct Shaping and Chaining Shaping o Begin by reinforcing easier behaviours similar to the target behaviour o Then narrow the requirements until the exact behaviours occur Chaining o Breaking down complex behaviours into smaller steps o Teaching the steps in succession Applying Operant Conditioning  Token economies Animal training Behavioural therapies Observational Learning Observational Learning Behaviours learnt through watching others Without personally experiencing negative consequences Role models Aggression Albert Bandura’s Bobo doll experiments 1. Children imitated adults’ aggression 2. Vicarious learning Process of Observational Learning Attention Retention Reproduction Motivation  Recap Non- Classical Operant Observational associative Conditioning Conditioning Learning Learning Habituation UCS, CS, Reinforcemen Bobo doll Sensitisation UCR, CR and t and experiments other key punishment 4-step terms Different process Inducing and reinforcers overcoming Reinforcemen fear t schedules Addiction Shaping and Prejudice chaining Applications