Plant and Animal Tissues PDF

Animal and Plant Tissues  What are Tissues are made up of a group of similar cells that are adapted for a particular function. Animal Tissue vs Plant Tissue Epithelial Tissue Muscle...

Animal and Plant Tissues  What are Tissues are made up of a group of similar cells that are adapted for a particular function. Animal Tissue vs Plant Tissue Epithelial Tissue Muscle Tissue The animal tissues. Connective Tissue Types of Nerve tissue Tissue Meristemat Plant ic tissue tissues Permanent tissue. What is the difference between plant and animal tissue LET US STUDY ABOUT  Epithelial Tissue All organs in the body are lined with a group of tissues called epithelial tissues. They cover the surface of all internal as well as external organs. The main functions of these tissues involve protection, secretion, absorption, sensation etc.  Muscle Tissue composed of cells that have the special ability to shorten or contract in order to produce movement of the body parts. The tissue is highly cellular and is well supplied with blood vessels  Connective Tissue They connect and support organs and also transport substances between organs. Loose connective tissue vs Dense Connective tissue Loose connective Dense connective tissue : tissue The cells in the The fibers matrix are widely dominate over the distributed and the cells and the matrix fibers are loosely in quantity. woven. The fibers may be It generally regularly or connects and irregularly support various arranged. tissues and organs and helps them to resist strain and displacement. Loose connective - Areolar Tissue Function – They binds tissues together. – makes the skin elastic and helps it to withstand pulling strain – They engulf bacteria and damaged and dead cells. – They secrete heparin and histamine. Heparin is an – anticoagulant while histamine causes inflammation reaction. – They produces antibodies.  Adipose Tissue Adipocyte is a large, spherical or oval shaped cell, with large fat droplet causing shifting of nucleus to periphery of the cell. Location – Found beneath skin in dermis, mesenteries, around kidney, heart and eye balls  Adipose Tissue Function – As it synthesize, stores and metabolizes fat, it is a considerable source of energy. – It acts as a shock absorbers around kidney, heart, and eye balls. – It prevent heat loss by forming insulating layer. 2 types of adipocytes 2 types of adipocytes white adipocyte - Brown adipocyte - contain a single contain number of large fat droplet small fat droplets Expending Stores energy energy and heat production  Reticular Tissue Structure : – It is a modified areolar tissue that contains large number of stellate shape reticular cells floating in fluid matrix. – Reticular cells secretes reticular fibres. Function – They are mostly phagocytic cells, helps in defense mechanism of the body. Location – Found-lymph glands, spleen, liver , bone marrow, thymus and tonsils Bone vs Cartilage  Nerve Tissue These tissues are made up of specialized cells called nerve cells (neurons). They conduct and transmit electrochemical impulses between neurons. PLANT TISSUE  Meristematic tissue These tissues contain cells which have the dividing capacity. They are immature and help plants to divide continuously throughout life. Depending on the location, there are three types. Apical, lateral and intercalary meristems. These meristems increase the length and width of the stem, roots, and leaves.  Permanent tissue Permanent tissues are derivatives of meristematic tissue. They don’t have the dividing capability but aid in other functions like conduction of substances, storage of food etc. Two types of permanent tissues are found in plants i.e. simple and complex permanent tissue. – Simple permanent tissues include parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma – complex tissues are xylem and phloem.  Simple permanent Parenchyma cells is a plant cell that is relatively unspecialized is thin walled, may contain chlorophyll, and is typically rather loosely packed.  Simple permanent Parenchyma cells is a plant cell that is relatively unspecialized is thin walled, may contain chlorophyll and is typically rather loosely packed. the common type of cell and tissue. perform a number of important functions for plants, such as photosynthesis, storage, and secretion.  Simple permanent Collenchyma tissue, a simple tissue composed of collenchyma cells, is a flexible tissue that provides much of the support in soft, nonwoody plant organs. Support is crucial function in plants, in part because it allows plants to grow upward thus enabling them to compete with the other plants for available sunlight in a plant-crowded area. usually elongated  Simple permanent Sclerenchyma cells is a plant cell with extremely thick walls that provides strength and support to the plant body Complex tissue ( Vascular Tissue System) Three Basic Plant Organs  What is a root of the plant A root is an organ that anchors a vascular plant in the soil, absorbs minerals and water, and often stores carbohydrates and other reserves.  Types of Roots: Primary root: First root to emerge from the seed embryo. Lateral roots: Branch from the primary root to enhance resource absorption. Taproot system: Mainly in tall plants, consisting of a central taproot and lateral roots. Fibrous root system: Found in small or trailing plants, forms a dense mat of slender roots. Adventitious roots: Arise from unusual sources like stems or leaves. Root hairs: Thin extensions at root tips, increasing surface area for absorption.  What are stems mainly adapted for absorption and anchoring, stems are usually adapted to support leaves. Whatever their sizes and shapes. Functions: 1. Support - gives mechanical support to the plant 2. transport - carries water to leaves and sugars to root and other parts of the plant body 3. food storage - stores large amount of food as starch 4. Food manufacturer - green stems contains chlorophyll for photosynthesis 5. Reproduction - produces new living tissues for the normal metabolism Types of stems  Specialize stem Rhizomes: Underground stems that grow horizontally, producing roots and shoots at nodes, aiding in vegetative propagation and storage. Tubers: Swollen, fleshy underground stems used for nutrient storage and vegetative propagation, such as in potatoes.  Specialize stem Stolons: Horizontal stems that run above the ground's surface, producing new plants from nodes and helping with spreading and reproduction.  What are leaves Function – leaves are the primary sites of photosynthesis in most plants – the main function of leaves is to trap light for photosynthesis, the process of making carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and water in the presence of sunlight – leaves provide exchange for carbon dioxide to come in and oxygen to come out – These functions include light interception, gas exchange with the atmosphere, heat dissipation, and defense against herbivores and pathogens.  Parts of the LEAF Blade (Lamina): The broad, flat, and typically green part of the leaf where photosynthesis primarily occurs. Petiole: The stalk-like structure that attaches the leaf blade to the stem of the plant. Veins: Vascular tissues (veins) that run through the leaf, providing support and transporting water, nutrients, and sugars. Midrib: The central vein running down the center of the leaf blade. Cuticle: A waxy, waterproof layer on the leaf's surface, which helps reduce water loss through transpiration. Stomata (Stoma): Tiny openings on the leaf's surface, mainly found on the lower epidermis, that allow for gas exchange (carbon dioxide in and oxygen out) and transpiration control. Guard Cells: Specialized cells that surround and regulate the opening and  TYPES OF FRUITS Fleshy Fruits - are soft and pulpy when fully matured. example lemons and papaya and apple Dry Fruits - are hard and papery when fully matured. Example groundnut and legumes TYPES OF SEED  What is a flower Flower is the main reproductive part of the plant. It is made up of four whorls and out of them two outer whorls are the calyx and corolla. Parts of the flower  Parts of the flower – Petal: Petals are often the most visible part of a flower and are usually brightly colored. They serve to attract pollinators like insects and birds through their color, scent, and nectar. – Sepal: They protect the developing bud and often resemble small green leaves. Collectively, the sepals are known as the calyx. – Receptacle: The receptacle is the tip of the flower stalk (pedicel) where all the flower parts are attached  Reproductive part of the flower – Stamen: The stamen is the male reproductive organ of the flower and consists of two main parts: Anther: The anther is the top part of the stamen and produces pollen grains, which contain the male gametes (sperm cells). Filament: The filament is the slender stalk that supports the anther and positions it for pollen release. Pistil (or Carpel): The pistil is the female reproductive organ of the flower and consists of several parts: Stigma: The stigma is the sticky, often knob-like structure at the top of the pistil. It serves to capture pollen grains. Style: The style is a slender tube-like structure that connects the stigma to the ovary. Ovary: The ovary is the enlarged base of the pistil, and it contains the ovules, which are the female reproductive cells (eggs or ova). Ovule: The ovule is the structure within the ovary that contains the female gametes. After fertilization, it develops into a seed. Classification of flowers according to the presence or absence of their parts  Types of Flowers Perfect flower :both the reproductive parts such as stamen and pistil. It is consider as bisexual or hermaphrodite Imperfect flower : those lacking one of the reproductive structures -staminate flower and pistillate flower Naked flowers: without petals( apetalous) or sepals (asepalous) Imperfect flowers are always incomplete incomplete flowers are not always imperfect flowers Terms applied to plants based on their flower characteristics Symmetry of flowers  PLANT HORMONES are stimulatory (promotes effects) such as auxins, giberellins, and cytokinin. They can also be inhibitory (suppresses or restrains an effect) in function such as abscissic acid and ethylene gas. – 1. Auxin – has role in coordination of growth and behavioral processes in plant life cycle. – 2. Cytokinin – promotes cell division in plant roots and shoots. – 3. Gibberellin – regulates growth and developmental processes including stem elongation, germination, dormancy, flowering, sex expression, enzyme induction etc. – 4. Ethylene – natural plant hormone which is used to ripen fruits. – 5. Abscisic acid – acts as stress hormones as it stimulates the closure of stomata; it inhibits shoot growth; it induces seeds to synthesize storage proteins; acts as antagonists to Giberellins. Plant Movements Plant Movements Tropism Nastic Movement plant movement in - plant movement that is response to determined by the environmental stimulthat direction of an are independent of the environmental stimulus direction of the stimuli. Phototropism and Thigmonastic and Gravitropism Nyctinastic Plant Reaction to Stimuli 1. 2. 3. Phototropis Gravitropis Geotropism m → light m → gravity → soil 5. 6. 4. Thigmotropi Chemotropi Hydrotropis sm → light sm → m → water touch chemicals  Activity for the day Make a comic book Imagine a world where animal and plant tissues were switched. What would be the consequences for plants and animals? If animals and plants switched tissues, what adaptations might they need to survive? Could they evolve new structures or functions to compensate for the change?