Biol 2300 Lab General Physiology Post-Lab Discussion PDF

12/10/2024 Biol 2300 LAB General Physiology Post-Laboratory Discussion Cellular Physiology CELLS the cell is the basic structural and functional unit of every living organism The cell makes anything alive and enables a living organism to perform...

12/10/2024 Biol 2300 LAB General Physiology Post-Laboratory Discussion Cellular Physiology CELLS the cell is the basic structural and functional unit of every living organism The cell makes anything alive and enables a living organism to perform all its functions It is self-sufficient to carry out all the fundamental functions of an organism Robert Hooke is the first researcher to observe a cell using a magnifying device 1  12/10/2024 Cellular Physiology CELLS The shapes of cells usually relate to their function Form fits function The shape and structure of an entity is suited for its function Unifying Theme of Biology 2  12/10/2024 Animal Tissue Epithelial tissue Connective tissue Vascular Tissue Muscular tissue Nervous tissue Epithelial Tissue Lining of organs and cavities Closely joined cells with tight junctions Barriers for pathogens, mechanical injuries, and fluid loss 3 12/10/2024 4  12/10/2024 Simple Squamous Epithelium Single layer of flat cells Oval nucleus Walls of capillaries Alveoli skin Simple Cuboidal Epithelium Roughly cuboidal in shape appearing square in x.s Spherical nucleus Lining of glands Lining of kidney tubules 5  12/10/2024 Simple Columnar Epithelium Elongated and column-shaped Elongated nuclei Stomach Intestine Tongue Simple Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium Columnar epithelial cells whose cells are longer than the others resembling a multiple layer of appearance 6  12/10/2024 Simple Ciliated Epithelium Columnar or cuboidal with hair-like outgrowths (cilia) on the surface Respiratory tract lining Lining of uterus and fallopian tubes Stratified Squamous 7  12/10/2024 Stratified Cuboidal Stratified Columnar 8  12/10/2024 Transitional Tissue Meristematic Permanent Meristems Actively dividing cells/areas of the plant Tissues that attained their mature state Capable of cell division perform specific functions they stop dividing Tissue 9  12/10/2024 Five Groups of Plant Tissues 1. Protective Tissues/Dermal Tissues 2. Meristematic Tissues 3. Ground Tissues 4. Conducting Tissues/Vascular Tissues 5. Specialized Tissues #1,3,4,5 – Permanent Tissues #2 - Meristematic Tissues Epidermis Secretes waxy substance called cuticle https://www.flickr.com/photos/146824358@N03/35103215772 Protective Tissues 10  12/10/2024 Epidermis Bark Periderm Bark periderm Phellem (cork) Phellogen (cork cambium) Phelloderm (cork parenchyma) Secondary phloem Protective Tissues Apical meristem Apical shoot meristem Apical root meristem Growth in length Primary growth Found in both the shoot tips and root tips Meristematic Tissues 11  12/10/2024 Ground Tissues Parenchyma Aerenchyma Contains air spaces 12  12/10/2024 Vascular Tissue Xylem water Phloem Food and nutrients Specialized Tissues Stomata Stomata regulate gas exchange between the plant and environment and control of water loss by changing the size of the stomatal pore Trichomes Trichomes are multicellular epidermal hairs on the stem seeds or fruits. Trichomes help in protection and reduction in water loss. 13  12/10/2024 Plastid a double-membrane organelle found in the cells of plants and algae responsible for manufacturing and storing of food it often contain pigments that are used in photosynthesis and different types of pigments that can change the color of the cell Type of Plastid Chloroplasts Chloroplasts are biconvex shaped, semi-porous, double membraned, cell organelle found within the mesophyll of the plant cell. They are the sites for synthesizing food by the process of photosynthesis. 14  12/10/2024 Type of Plastid Chromoplasts Chromoplasts is the name given to an area for all the pigments to be kept and synthesized in the plant. These can be usually found in flowering plants, ageing leaves and fruits. Chloroplasts convert into chromoplasts. Chromoplasts have carotenoid pigments that allow different colors that you see in leaves and fruits. The main reason for its different color is for attracting pollinators. Type of Plastid Leucoplasts These are the non-pigmented organelles which are colorless. Leucoplasts are usually found in most of the non-photosynthetic parts of the plant like roots. They act as a storage sheds for starches, lipids, and proteins depending on the need of the plants. They are mostly used for converting amino acids and fatty acids. 15  12/10/2024 Type of Plastid Leucoplasts Amyloplasts – Amyloplasts are greatest among all three and they store and synthesize starch. Proteinoplasts – Proteinoplasts help in storing the proteins that a plant needs and can be typically found in seeds. Elaioplasts -Elaioplast helps in storing fats and oils that are needed by the plant. Low Concentration Low High Solute Solute Concentration Concentration High Concentration Diffusion https://i.gifer.com/Cj6.gif https://www.mrdubuque.com/home/biodub-my-gifs-to-you-diffusion-osmosis?view=full MOVEMENT OF MATERIALS ACROSS THE MEMBRANE 16  12/10/2024 Plasmolyzed Flaccid Turgid Solute: Movement of Water: Movement of Materials across the membrane Plasmolyzed Flaccid Turgid Solute: Movement of Water: Movement of Materials across the membrane 17  12/10/2024 Cell Organelle cell organelles – cellular components They coordinate and function efficiently for the normal functioning of the cell. A few of them function by providing shape and support, whereas some are involved in the locomotion and reproduction of a cell. There are various organelles present within the cell and are classified into three categories based on the presence or absence of membrane. Cell Organelle Organelles without membrane: The cell wall, ribosomes, and cytoskeleton are non-membrane-bound cell organelles. They are present both in the prokaryotic cell and the eukaryotic cell. Single membrane-bound organelles: vacuole, lysosome, Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum are single membrane-bound organelles present only in a eukaryotic cell. Double membrane-bound organelles: nucleus, mitochondria and chloroplast are double membrane-bound organelles present only in a eukaryotic cell. 18 12/10/2024 19  12/10/2024 PLANT CELL Distinct membrane- bound organelles Nucleus Cell wall Protoplast Systems of membranes Cytoplasm Non- membranou s entities Cytosol ANIMAL CELL Cell Organelle Cell Wall the outer covering of a cell, present adjacent to the cell membrane, which is also called the plasma membrane. 20  12/10/2024 Cell Organelle Cell Membrane It is a selectively permeable membrane of the cells, which is composed of a lipid bilayer and proteins. It functions as the selectively permeable membrane, by permitting the entry of selective materials in and out of the cell according to the requirement. Cell Organelle Endoplasmic Reticulum a network of membranous canals filled with fluid. They are the transport system of the cell, involved in transporting materials throughout the cell. Rough ER – They are composed of cisternae, tubules, and vesicles, which are found throughout the cell and are involved in protein manufacture. Smooth ER – They are the storage organelle, associated with the production of lipids, steroids, and also responsible for detoxifying the cell. 21  12/10/2024 Cell Organelle Mitochondria Mitochondria are called the powerhouses of the cell as they produce energy-rich molecules for the cell. It is a double membrane-bound, sausage-shaped organelle, found in almost all eukaryotic cells. Cell Organelle Ribosomes Ribosomes are non-membrane- bound and important cytoplasmic organelles found in close association with the endoplasmic reticulum. The primary function of the ribosomes includes protein synthesis in all living cells that ensure the survival of the cell. 22  12/10/2024 Cell Organelle Golgi bodies a membrane-bound organelle composed of cisternae (series of flattened, stacked pouches). This cell organelle is primarily responsible for transporting, modifying, and packaging proteins and lipids to targeted destinations. Cell Organelle Plastid 23 12/10/2024 24 12/10/2024 25