WEEK 3 PDF

lOMoARcPSD|26301137 - o NegaDve eTects for baby: No negaDve eTects reported. General anaesthesia o A mixture of nitrous oxide and oxygen is inhaled; is less commonly used than blocking agents. o PosiDve eTects for mother: Easily administered, rapid onset of eTect; anaestheDc of choice in emergenci...

lOMoARcPSD|26301137 - o NegaDve eTects for baby: No negaDve eTects reported. General anaesthesia o A mixture of nitrous oxide and oxygen is inhaled; is less commonly used than blocking agents. o PosiDve eTects for mother: Easily administered, rapid onset of eTect; anaestheDc of choice in emergencies in which Dme is criDcal and baby must be delivered quickly. o NegaDve eTects for baby: Decreases alertness & responsiveness following birth. WEEK 3 What is the appearance like of an infant at birth? Red skin, vernix (white waxy substance on skin), lanugo (Pne downy hair), head may be elongated from pressure of birth canal. What is the Apgar scale? - A system of raDng newborns’ health immediately following birth based on heart rate, strength of breathing, muscle tone, colour and rebex irritability. Developed in the 1950’s by Dr Virginia Apgar, the name is also used as an acronym for appearance, pulse, grimace, acDvity, respiraDon. True or False: Brain controls infant’s states of sleep and wakefulness, and amount of internal and external sGmulaGon experienced. True. Sleep enables infant to shut out external sDmulaDon and obtain general physical rest. Newborns sleep an average 16 hours per day; 6 month olds sleep an average 13 to 14 hours per day. True or False. With physical maturaGon, there is eventual less night Gme fussiness with infants. True. What is Non REM sleep? A relaDvely quiet, deep period of sleep. Breath regularly & more slowly, muscles become limper What is REM sleep? - A relaDvely acDve period of sleep, named amer the rapid eye movements that usually accompany it. - May be a way for the brain to sDmulate itself, vital for the growth of the central nervous system (CNS) o Drowsiness o Alert inacDvity o Alert acDvity o Distress True or False. Newborn infants able to see but lack acuity. True. - Able to see about 20 to 25 cm, distance from mother’s breast to her face - Able to track moving objects and scan interesDng sights - By six months visual acuity improved to near adult level, improved scanning and tracking - Scanning enhances percepDon and percepDon enhances scanning - Infants’ developing knowledge of objects and events promotes paeern percepDon – evident in facial recogniDon True or False. True or False. Infants show preference for human face. - True o Around 2 months infants can scan a sDmulus, combine its parts into an organised whole and recognise and prefer their mother’s facial features o Five months – infants able to perceive emoDonal expressions of faces o Possibility that face speciPc regions of the adult cortex are funcDoning from birth Downloaded by Sting Ray ([email protected]) lOMoARcPSD|26301137 o Face to face interacDon between infants and caregivers rePnes face percepDon True or False. Most infants can hear at birth. True. - Newborns can hear the diTerence between sound paeers such as two syllables as opposed to three syllables, happy verse negaDve speech - Three days old, infants able to turn eyes and head to sounds True or False. Through interest in the environment, the infant starts to perceive (organise) sights and sounds and ajach meanings to them (InformaGon Processing Theory). True. - Parents provide many of the most interesDng sights and sounds with their own faces and voices - Promotes aeachment - Aeachment and responsiveness to sound nurtures and supports the infant’s exploraDon of the environment What are reMexes? - AutomaDc responses to speciPc sDmuli o First observable signs of motor responses o Survival mechanism for protecDon and seeking food o Used to assess a healthy nervous system o Used to assess possible developmental delay or brain damage o Most rebexes integrated as voluntary acDons within 6 months What are the 4 types of reMexes? - Survival Rebexes - PrimiDve Rebexes - Postural Rebexes - Locomotor Rebexes What are Survival ReMexes? - Survival rebexes meets physical needs and increases chances of surviving. Most remain permanent, although some become partly voluntary: o Breathing o Swallowing o Eye blink o Pupillary rebex remains permanent o Sucking rebex gradually comes under voluntary control - Survival Rebexes- RooDng - Stroking of cheek - head turns to side stroked and mouth opens ready to feed. - Orients child to breast or boele. - Weakens and disappears by 6 months. - If retained: messy eaters, problems chewing, ‘dribbling’, Speech dirculDes – muscles around mouth under developed What are PrimiGve ReMexes? - PrimiDve rebexes are rebex acDons originaDng in the central nervous system that are exhibited by normal infants, but not neurologically intact adults, in response to parDcular sDmuli. - Moro Rebex, Grasping Rebex, Tonic Neck Rebex / Assymetrical Tonic Neck Rebex (ATNR), Babinksi. o PrimiDve Rebexes - Moro  Alarm rebex – matures into adult startle rebex around 4 months  Important Pght or bight response  Can be elicited by dropping baby’s head back / loud noise  Baby throws arms outwards, arches back then brings arms back together Downloaded by Sting Ray ([email protected]) lOMoARcPSD|26301137 If retained: HypersensiDvity in any of the senses, Impaired coordinaDon & balance,  Travel sickness, Poor concentraDon, Over anxious or over reacDve. PrimiDve Rebexes – Grasping  Curling Pngers around any small object put into baby’s palm  Disappears by three months  Voluntary grasping appears about 6 months  Allows baby to pracDce grasping and leang go  If retained: Impedes development of independent Pnger movements, ATects wriDng, other FM skills, ball skills. PrimiDve Rebexes – Tonic Neck Rebex  Present at birth and may assist in birthing process  When laid on back, head turns to side, arm and leg extend to same side, limbs on opposite side bex  Disappears by 2 – 3 months  If retained: Dirculty crawling, Abnormal walk, Dirculty crossing the midline – aTects playing sport, tracking for reading, May not establish a dominant side. PrimiDve Rebexes – Babinski  When boeom of foot stroked toes fan and then curl  Disappears 8 to 12 months  If retained: May indicate damage to the corDcospinal tract (nerve paths connecDng the spinal cord to the brain).  o o o What are Postural ReMexes? - Gravity rebexes – help maintain posture in a changing environment - Typically appear amer 2 months - Remain for life – important for balance, stability, postural tone, muscle tone - Head righDng rebex (labarynthine), Segmental rolling rebex (de-rotaDverolling), Parachute o Postural Rebexes – Head RighDng Rebex  ReacDon to gravity to ensure head maintains a midline posiDon, despite movements of other parts of body  Brain synchronises informaDon from visual, vesDbular and propriocepDvesenses  From 6 weeks  If not fully developed, can aTect: Development of head control, Controlled eye movements, Balance, Visual PercepDon, Posture. o Postural Rebexes – Segmental Rolling  Emerges at 6 months  Allows rolling, siang, crawling and standing  Rolling starts at shoulders and hips  Movement starts at head, follows to shoulders, chest, pelvis or vice versa o Postural Rebexes – Parachute Rebex  Develops from 7 months  ProtecDve movement in response to changes in centre of gravity  Tilt forwards and arms bend  If not fully developed: Poor saving reacDons, Clumsy, Reduced conPdence during GM acDviDes What are Locomotor ReMexes? - Appear similar to voluntary movement paeers - Unclear links between locomotor rebexes and the later skills which they mimic - Typically emerge very early and disappear by 4 – 5 months - Stepping rebex (birth to 5 months) - Swimming rebex (11 days to 5 months) - Crawling rebex (birth to 4 months) - Moving in place. ReMexes Time How to elicit Expected Response FuncGons Downloaded by Sting Ray ([email protected]) lOMoARcPSD|26301137 MORO Disappe ars by 6 months The infant’s head is dropped backward Arm stretching then clenching Babinsk i Birth to 4 months Birth to 4 months Stroke sole of foot from heel to toes Turn head to one side Toes extend, fan out Palmer Grasp Re9ex Birth to 4 months Pressure in the palm Root Head righ@ng Birth to 1 yr 2-12 months Touch cheek with smooth object Move infant’s body backwards/forwa rds/ sideways Head turns to side sDmulated The head Dlts in the opposite direcDon to the body to ensure midline Parachu te From 7 months Lower infant toward ground Arms extend ATNR The upper and lower limbs on the side toward which the infant is looking extend and the upper and lower limbs on facing the back of the head bex Fingers curl around Transforms to Adult startle response. To alert, arouse, and summon assistance. Facilitates Prst breath of life. Helps test neurocogniDon It may be a sign of the damage to the nerve paths May parDcipate in birth process to help with corkscrew moDon down birth canal. As neonate it ensures free passage of air when baby is in prone posiDon. It increases extensor muscle tone and forms basis for later reaching movements Transforms to voluntary release progressing to a pincer grip. Thought to be a conDnuaDon of an earlier stage in human evoluDon when it was sDll necessary for neonate to cling to mother for survival Assist in feeding Form the basis of balance, oculomotor funcDoning, orientaDon and spaDal awareness. Facilitate movement – more coordinated GM movements ProtecDve movement, consider motor developmental phase What are Motor Skills? Voluntary movements of the body / parts of the body What are Gross Motor Skills? Involve the large muscles of the arms, legs and torso Crawling, walking, jumping What are Fine Motor Skills? Involve small muscles located throughout the body Reaching, Grasping Although some milestones do deviate, skills generally develop following which two trends? - Cephalocaudal Principle: (head-tail) o Upper parts of the body become usable and skilful before lower parts of the body do o Babies able to turn their heads before learning to intenDonally move their feet - Proximodistal Principle: (centre of body to outward) o Central parts of the body become skilful before peripheral o Babies wave with enDre arm before learning to wriggle wrists and Pngers Downloaded by Sting Ray ([email protected]) lOMoARcPSD|26301137 Almost from birth, before reMexive behaviour disappears, babies begin to master their bodies and environment. Discuss their Srst use of motor skills: - 4 weeks – lim heads up when lying on stomachs - 4 months – rolling - 5 – 9 months – sit alone - 6 – 7 months – use limbs – ‘bicycle’ legs – nappy change - 7 – 11 months – crawling – driven by desire to explore environment - 10 months – stand erect with adult help - 12 months – half can stand without adult help - Pre-reaching o Newborns’ poorly coordinated swipes or swings, as they aeempt to grasp objects they see in front of them o May fail to grasp objects, make contact but fail to enclose Pngers – not yet developed shoulder and head control and eye gaze o Disappears soon amer birth reappears at 4 – 5 months as two separate skills: reaching and the ulnar grasp - Ulnar Grasp o Clumsy grasping, Pngers close against the palm - Pincer grasp o By 12 months ulnar grasp replaced with pincer grasp – use of thumb and forePnger o Increasing ability to pick up and manipulate small objects such as raisins What predictable series of events leads to true walking? - Liming of head - Push chest up with arms - Pull up with assistance - Remain siang without assistance once up - Sit up without assistance - Pull self to stand - Stand holding on to furniture - Walk holding on to furniture - Stand well alone - Walk well alone (12 to 13 months) True or False. Diberences in motor development across cultures can be linked to diberent child rearing pracGces - True. o Western Desert Aboriginal and Perth based urban Aboriginal children - earlier motor development. Mothers omen carry infants in verDcal posiDon – resulDng in earlier strengthening of the neck muscles – aids in development of head control and siang. o Some African cultures give their toddlers frequent chances to pracDce siang and walking – earlier and beeer walking than Aus and NZ toddlers True or False. Boys and girls are more alike than diberent. True. What is cogniGon? - Refers to thinking and other mental acDviDes. - All processes which humans acquire knowledge - Methods for thinking or gaining knowledge about the world - Elements of cogniDon include reasoning, aeenDon, memory, problem solving, reasoning, planning, ability to represent objects and experiences What is AjenGon? Ability to focus these cogniDve processes such as percepDon, memory and thinking on a parDcular task What is PercepGon? Downloaded by Sting Ray ([email protected]) lOMoARcPSD|26301137 The brain’s immediate or direct organisaDon and interpretaDon of sensaDons through the senses. What can changes in a baby’s heart signify? Changes in the baby’s heart rate signify variaDons in the baby’s arousal, alertness and contentment - Novel and aeracDve sDmuli: slower heart rate - Dangerous / aversive sDmuli: faster heart rate - Factors such as infant’s alertness, sDmuli that lead to slower HR in adults, increase HR in infants, more likely to respond to gentle, persistent sDmuli, - Despite these factors, studies of HR provide a useful way to measure aeenDon, percepDon and memory What is recogniGon in regards to infants? - Infants unable to verbalise what they remember, but they show signs of recogniDon of people, objects, and acDviDes. o Signs may include cooing, stretching out of arms, and crawling / walking towards familiar person o Unfamiliar person may produce signs of distress What is habituaGon in regards to infants? - The tendency to get used to and then ignore sDmuli which has been experienced repeatedly o Signs of habituaDon: decrease of HR, aeenDon and respiraDon o Enables studies of infant’s learning and development o Suggests infants have memories prior to acquiring language o ImplicaDons for Parent: child relaDonships; young babies begin to recognise their parents quite quickly, even at just a few weeks of age. Does the thinking cogniGon of infants involve language to the same extent as children and adults? No. As infants are only beginning to acquire language skills, the thinking (cogniDon) of infants does not involve language to the same extent as children and adults. - Broaden our noDon of cogniDon to include the nonverbal signs of cogniDon such as HR and direcDon of the eyes and ears - Infants show not only percepDon of the world around them, but cogniDon as well – before they can even speak a single word Do newborns prefer images with contours and edges of light and dark? Yes. At two to three months they start to prefer images of complexity and curvature. Human faces have these qualiDes, as do other images and objects What is Object Constancy? - PercepDon that an object remains the same despite concept changes in the sensaDons it sends to the eye. o Shape constancy o Size constancy o Appears to be an innate ability that assist babies to detect a coherent world of objects What is Depth PercepGon? - Refers to a sense of how far away object are or appear to be and the ability to judge the distance of objects from each other and from ourselves. o Infants begin to develop this skill as soon as they can focus on objects at diTerent distances ( 2- 3 months) o Crawling skills may enable distances to be perceived more accurately  When crawling far away objects to move less than nearby objects Do infants think about what they see or just register what they see? Downloaded by Sting Ray ([email protected]) lOMoARcPSD|26301137 An infant’s anDcipaDon of visual events that have not occurred suggests infants think about what they see, rather than just register what they see. Infants may be forming rudimentary generalisaDons about what they see, such as where to look to see another friendly smile Even as newborns, infants respond to sounds. Why is it important to understand how individuals perceive sounds and discriminate among sounds? - Makes a crucial diTerence in the acquisiDon of language o At just two months, infants can orient their heads towards certain noises – suggesDng they can locate sounds o Infants usually take longer to respond to sounds than older children / adults o Infants more capable of locaDng high pitched sounds than low pitched sounds – researchers had previously taken this to show a tendency towards female voices o More accurate to say infants prefer the mid-range pitches – similar to all human voices o CoordinaDon of vision and hearing  This localisaDon of sound suggests that even very young babies are able to coordinate what they hear with what they see  First eTorts at head turning is more of a rebex than purposeful behaviour, does not habituate, occurs in the dark  Not unDl 5 to 6 months do these rebexive qualiDes change and hearing and vision becomes coordinated. What is Intermodal PercepGon? Refers to the way that the sensaDons from the diTerent sensory systems are combined to form percepDon of unitary events or objects. Ability of infants to combine what they have learnt about an object using one sensory mode with what they have learnt about it using another. o E.g. Lip movements are closely coordinated to the sound of voice Crucial for perceptual development Variety of sDmulaDon of the senses assists the infant in selecDvely aeending to and making sense of their world Assists in the development of language and social processing Vital for development and perceptual responsiveness What is reversal shik? An experimental procedure in which reinforcement conDnues for discriminaDng a new value of a dimension (e.g. large versus small), but the dimension itself (such as size) remains constant. What is non-reversal shik? Experimental procedure in which reinforcement shims to discriminaDng a new dimension of diTerence between objects (e.g. shape versus size) What is Sensorimotor Intelligence? According to Piaget, thinking that occurs by way of sensory percepDons & motor acDons that is characterisDc of infants. Doing this to and with objects around them. Sensorimotor intelligence develops by means of two complementary processes. What are they? AssimilaDon and accommodaDon. Downloaded by Sting Ray ([email protected]) lOMoARcPSD|26301137 - - - AssimilaDon: InterpreDng new experiences and incorporaDng this knowledge into exisDng schemes. o A baby incorporates the exisDng scheme of sucking on a breast, by using the same acDon on new unfamiliar objects such as a ball or their own Pst. o Taking in and understanding events by matching perceived features of events or objects with already exisDng schemes. AccommodaDon o Modifying exisDng schemes to Pt new experiences o Amer sucking on a number of new objects, an infant may modify this acDon to Pt the nature of each new object – i.e. chew on some new objects such as a sweater, but not others such as a plasDc cup. o Infant has altered and modiPed exisDng schemes to incorporate new informaDon that does not exactly Pt. Interplay of assimilaDon accommodaDon leads to new schemes, and eventually the infant’s ability to symbolise objects and acDviDes. Piaget believed Knowledge comes from _____________. AcDon - Knowledge seen as a process or a repertoire of acDons, rather than as stored informaDon - To know something means to act on that thing, with the acDon being either physical, mental or both How do infants use symbolic thinking? - Instead of needing to handle a toy car, able to visualise, mentally represent or think about a car without actually touching or seeing one. - Infants can work out soluDons with mental combinaDons rather than trial and error. o This helps mark the end of infancy and the beginning of the next stage. What does Piaget mean by ‘schemes’? - Psychological structures / organised paeerns of acDons or concepts that help the baby to make sense of and adapt to the environment. - Develop before infants can represent objects or events through language or motor skills - IniDal grasping and sucking moDons consDtute early schemes What does Piaget believe CogniGve development begins with? Rebexes - Rebexes give infants a repertoire to develop more complex skills - Sucking, grasping and looking – resemble rebexes at birth, but are modiPed in response to experiences such as sucking on their mother’s breast, toys and own hand - Babies suck rebexively when mouths are sDmulated, and also respond to sights, sounds and objects within external environment Piaget has proposed 6 stages of infant cogniGve development. What are they? - Stage one: early rebexes (0 – 1 month) • The baby modiPes and elaborates on these rebexes o A reliance on inborn rebexes to know the environment. AcDons are primarily based on rebexes as well as responses to sights, sounds, and grasping. Toys include mobiles and raeles - Stage 2: Primary Circular ReacDons (1 – 4 months) o Rebexes are accommodated or modiPed to Pt new objects and experiences. Infants intenDonally look and listen to sights and sounds and coordinate their senses (e.g. sucking, grasping and repeaDng acDons focused on the infants own body). - Stage 3: Secondary Circular ReacDons (4-8 months) o Repeated, learnt acDons are focused on objects; acDons are used as a means towards an end and repeated acDons are reinforcing (e.g. shaking a raele and early signs of object permanence). Toys include squeeze objects, plasDc cups and boxes with lids. - Stage 4: CoordinaDon of secondary schemes (8-12 months) Downloaded by Sting Ray ([email protected]) lOMoARcPSD|26301137 o - - Deliberate combinaDons of previously acquired acDons (or schemes), infants imitate behaviour, e.g. blowing bubbles, using events to obtain a goal and making the A-not B error of searching for a toy in one locaDon (A), even amer seeing it moved to another locaDon (B). Toys include pots and pans, stuTed animals and som balls. Stage 5: TerDary Circular ReacDons (12 – 18 months) o SystemaDc applicaDon of previously acquired acDons (or schemes); well-organised intenDonal invesDgaDon of novel objects – always overt. Solve problems through trial and error. Toys include cloth and cardboard books. Stage 6: Symbolic thought (18 – 24 months) o Final, transiDonal stage of sensorimotor thought. First mental representaDon of objects; true object permanence; deferred imitaDon; can solve problems and establish soluDons with mental combinaDons. Engage in symbolic play. Toys include fake telephones, 5-10 piece puzzles, cars, boats, trains, water equipment, large dolls and picture books with simple words. According to Piaget, what cogniGve stage are infants in? Sensory Motor Stage (Birth - 2 years) DeSne Circular ReacGon: Endlessly repeDDon of motor schemes for no apparent reason DeSne Primary Circular reacGons: Focus on baby’s own body and movements. Examples – waving an arm, kicking repeatedly. DeSne Secondary Circular reacGons: RepeDDons moDvated by external objects and events. As they pracDce their Prst schemes, infants broaden their interests to include objects and events. Shaking their arm may lead to making a mobile spin, create a noise in a toy being held, make parents smile. For example will try to suck on more and more toys. DeSne Object Permanence: Object exist separately from their own acDons and conDnue to exist even when they cannot see them. Able to search for hidden objects. Peek a boo. A – B search error – conDnue to search for an object in Prst hiding place. What is AssimilaGon? InterpreDng new experiences and incorporaDng this knowledge into exisDng schemes. A baby incorporates the exisDng scheme of sucking on a breast, by using the same acDon on new unfamiliar objects such as a ball or their own Pst. Taking in and understanding events by matching perceived features of events or objects with already exisDng schemes. What is AccommodaGon? Modifying exisDng schemes to Pt new experiences. Amer sucking on a number of new objects, an infant may modify this acDon to Pt the nature of each new object – i.e. chew on some new objects such as a sweater, but not others such as a plasDc cup. Infant has altered and modiPed exisDng schemes to incorporate new informaDon that does not exactly Pt. Interplay of assimilaDon accommodaDon leads to new schemes, and eventually the infant’s ability to symbolise objects and acDviDes. True of False. ImitaGon may reMect the infants need to communicate. True. What does Language acquisiGon involve? Downloaded by Sting Ray ([email protected]) lOMoARcPSD|26301137 - Mastering language structures (sound & organisaDon) Learning how language is used o Infants learn very rapidly:  Phonology – the sounds of language  Lexicon – the words of language  SemanDcs – meanings of words  PragmaDcs – purposes and ways words are used in conversaDon  Syntax – organisaDon of words into sentences and discourse Explain Phonology: - English has 41 phonemes (sounds disDncDve to the language) Infants must be sensiDve to phonemes and ignore meaningless variaDons - Between 4 and 8 months, infants begin babbling - Consonant vowel strings in increasing complex ways - Apparently reinforced by hearing themselves vocalise - For babbling to occur, infants need to be exposed to human speech - Babies who are deaf have diTerent babbling paeerns and may babble with hand movements if exposed to sign language - Babbling enables infants to experiment with sounds and meanings of language prior to learning to speak in a convenDonal manner As cogniGve development becomes more sophisGcated, what are infants able to do? - Categorise: o Retrieve words from memory o Pronounce new words o Imitate and become aware of other’s intenDons - Fast mapping: ability to connect a word with its underlying concept amer a brief experience with the word. Are parent infant interacGons linked to intellectual and social competence? Yes WEEK 4 What is caregiver speech also referred to? What is it? - Parentese - Use of shorter sentences, simpler vocabulary, unfolds slowly, higher and variable ‘sing song’ pitch, repeDDon. What is fast mapping? Ability to connect a word with its underlying concept amer a brief experience with the word. What is SGmulus SubsGtuGon? - PresenDng two sDmuli together repeatedly results in the second sDmuli taking on the properDes of the Prst. o A mother may stroke her baby’s forehead (neutral sDmulus) each Dme she feeds it (uncondiDoned sDmulus). o Eventually when the baby’s forehead is stroked (condiDoned sDmulus), will make sucking movements and acDons (condiDoned response) What is Operant CondiGoning? Provide an example. Downloaded by Sting Ray ([email protected])