Week 3 PPT PDF - Introduction to Food Security and Global Food System

C0006 Sustainability: Society, Economy & Environment Module 3 Introduction to Food Security and the Global Food System Presented by Dr Anna Lagerstroem, Asian School of the Environment 1 © 2021 Nanyang Techn...

C0006 Sustainability: Society, Economy & Environment Module 3 Introduction to Food Security and the Global Food System Presented by Dr Anna Lagerstroem, Asian School of the Environment 1 © 2021 Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. All Rights Reserved.  The Challenge: Feeding 10 billion people, eradicating hunger, and being healthy while also promoting economic growth, securing jobs, and saving the planet… 2 © 2021 Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. All Rights Reserved.  Overview Here in Singapore, most of us have access to enough food and have never suffered from hunger or malnutrition. So, what is the problem with the global food system and why should we think about food security? How can the agri-food sector meet the rising demand from a growing world population while at the same time reducing its environmental footprint? Singapore is on the front lines of developing plant- based meat options. How is plant-based food better for the environment than real meat? 3 © 2021 Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. All Rights Reserved. United Nations. (2021). The sustainable development goals report 2021. https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/report/2021/The-Sustainable-Development-Goals-Report-2021.pdf 4 © 2021 Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. All Rights Reserved.  UN Sustainability Goal 2: End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture 5 © 2021 Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. All Rights Reserved.  “…war and conflict can cause food insecurity and hunger, just as hunger and food insecurity can cause latent conflicts to flare up and trigger the use of violence…” 6 © 2021 Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. All Rights Reserved.  Climate Change and Food Security Climate change directly and indirectly Global Greenhouse Gas Emissions threatens food production and by Economic Sector livelihoods, particularly in poor countries. Other Energy 10% Agriculture is also a major source of Electricity and greenhouse gas, which causes climate Heat Production 25% change. Industry 21% Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use Transportation 24% 14% Buildings 6% Adapted from United States Environmental Protection Agency. (2014). Global greenhouse gas emissions data. https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/global-greenhouse-gas-emissions-data 7 © 2021 Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. All Rights Reserved.  When Climate Change Threatens Food Security and People’s Livelihoods (Example) Bangladesh and Vietnam are ‘hot spots’ for climate change impacts such as sea-level rise and saltwater intrusion. Specifically, rice production is increasingly difficult. Salinity issues in Bangladesh will most likely lead to significant shortages of water for drinking and irrigation by 2050 (according to the World Bank). Climate migration/refugees NIBIO – Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research. (2017, January 18). Food security threatened by sea-level rise. ScienceDaily. www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2017/01/170118082423.htm © 2021 Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. All Rights Reserved.  Refers to the availability of sufficient Refers to adequate access to food quantities and appropriate quality of food resources for a nutritious diet. products that are either locally produced or supplied by imports, including food aid. Food Food Availability Accessibility Food Security Utilisation Stability Refers to the utilisation of food in conjunction with adequate diet, clean Refers to a secure population, household or water, sanitation and healthcare to a state individual access to adequate food at all of nutritional well-being, demonstrating the times, protected from sudden shocks or importance of non-food inputs for food cyclical events that can threaten availability security. of and access to food resources. Adapted from Islam, M. S., & Kieu, E. (2020). Tackling Regional Climate Change Impacts and Food Security Issues: A Critical Analysis across ASEAN, PIF, and SAARC. Sustainability, 12(3), 883. https://www.doi.org/10.3390/su12030883 9 © 2021 Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. All Rights Reserved.  Food Security in Singapore Imports 90% of food today Diversifying sources of import supply Boosting local production “30 by 30” Food technology The Sky Greens vertical in Singapore 10 © 2021 Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. All Rights Reserved.  Stop and Think Historically, agricultural production has been dependent to a large part on available land area, and since the green revolution on inorganic fertilisers, pesticides and machinery. In the future, what factors do you think will limit food production? Think of at least three. 11 © 2021 Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. All Rights Reserved.  What is the Global Food System? A complex global web of production and consumption People, institutions, activities, processes, and infrastructure involved in the production and consumption food Definition of the global food system: “…the sum of actors, sectors and interactions along the food value chains — R&D, input supply, production, harvesting, storage, transportation, processing, retailing, wholesaling, preparation, consumption and disposal of food.” (Fan, 2021) Fan, S. (2021). Economics in food systems transformation. Nature Food, 2, 218–219. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43016-021-00266-0 12 © 2021 Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. All Rights Reserved.  Global Food System Map Nicholson CF, Stephens EC, Jones AD, Kopainsky B, Parsons D, Garrett J. 2019. Setting priorities to address the research gaps between agricultural systems analysis and food security outcomes in low- and middle-income countries. CCAFS Working Paper no. 255. Wageningen, the Netherlands: CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS). Available online at: www.ccafs.cgiar.org 13 © 2021 Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. All Rights Reserved.  The Agri-Food Industry World’s largest economic sector Global Greenhouse Gas Emissions by Economic Sector Employs half the global work force Directly and indirectly responsible for about a Other Energy quarter of global greenhouse gas emissions 10% Electricity and (UN) Heat Production 25% Creates economic profit at the expense of Industry 21% the natural environment Agriculture , Generates social injustices between Forestry and Other Land Use Transportation countries and among actors in the chain 24% 14% from production to consumption and waste Buildings 6% Adapted from United States Environmental Protection Agency. (2014). Global greenhouse gas emissions data. https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/global-greenhouse-gas-emissions-data 14 © 2021 Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. All Rights Reserved.  How Much Food Will We Need in the Future? 9.7 Billion in 2050 Max Roser (2013) - "Future Population Growth". Published online at OurWorldInData.org. Retrieved from: 'https://ourworldindata.org/future-population-growth' [Online Resource] 15 © 2021 Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. All Rights Reserved.  As People Get Richer, They Consume More Food By 2050 we will be 9.7 billion people. Over 2 billion people worldwide already suffer from hunger today. Per capita consumption is also increasing, as incomes go up - 50% more food per person is produced today compared 1961 (according to FAO). Hannah Ritchie and Max Roser (2017) - "Meat and Dairy Production". Published online at OurWorldInData.org. Retrieved from: 'https://ourworldindata.org/meat-production' [Online Resource] 16 © 2021 Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. All Rights Reserved.  Meat Consumption (Per Capita) Timeline Godfray, H., Aveyard, P., Garnett, T., Hall, J. W., Key, T. J., Lorimer, J., Pierrehumbert, R. T., Scarborough, P., Springmann, M., & Jebb, S. A. (2018). Meat consumption, health, and the environment. Science, 361(6399), eaam5324. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aam5324 17 © 2021 Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. All Rights Reserved.  Food’s Environmental Impact Eikenberry, S. E. (2018). Paper of the Day: Poore & Nemecek (2018): Reducing food’s environmental impacts… EnvironMath! http://environmath.org/2018/06/17/paper-of-the-day-poore-nemecek-2018-reducing-foods-environmental-impacts/ 18 © 2021 Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. All Rights Reserved.  Agricultural Land Use Impacts the Environment in Multiple Ways Single largest cause of biodiversity loss 25–30% of greenhouse gas emissions Consumptive use of freshwater Loading of nutrients Pollution due to pesticides ⁃ Soil erosion and degradation ⁃ Water pollution ⁃ Climate change and global warming ⁃ Depletion of freshwater resources 19 © 2021 Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. All Rights Reserved.  Stop and Think Should the food industry pay for environmental degradation caused by industrial food production? Should rich countries pay for climate change effects that hit developing countries harder? 20 © 2021 Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. All Rights Reserved.  Strategies for Producing More Food Sustainably More sustainable agricultural practices Reducing food waste Shifting diets Food technology Pretty J. (2018). Intensification for redesigned and sustainable agricultural systems. Science, 362(6417), eaav0294. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aav0294 21 © 2021 Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. All Rights Reserved.  Food Waste According to FAO, one third of all produced food were globally wasted in 2020. Great losses during the production line, in shops, and where food is consumed. Reducing waste is a way to increase food availability without increasing production! 22 © 2021 Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. All Rights Reserved.  Food Waste You are required to watch this supplementary video, by visiting the external link to abide by copyright protection requirements. You would have completed the lesson after watching the video. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bCpP EZ6S8ZY&feature=emb_logo (If required: Please complete any other additional learning activities within the course site.) 23 © 2021 Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. All Rights Reserved.  Black Soldier Fly Larvae Turn Food Waste Into Nutrients in Singapore Food waste converted into nutritious compost which can then be used to grow local food, or even as animal feed. It is a closed food loop. Circular economy—no end of product life, just the next stage in the circle. 24 © 2021 Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. All Rights Reserved.  Why Veggies Feed More People The lower down in the energy pyramid we feed, the more energy is available and the more people we can feed. 25 © 2021 Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. All Rights Reserved. Hannah Ritchie and Max Roser (2013) - "Crop Yields". Published online at OurWorldInData.org. Retrieved from: 'https://ourworldindata.org/crop-yields' [Online Resource] 26 © 2021 Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. All Rights Reserved.  Lab-Grown Meat Singapore was first in the world to approve the sale of lab-grown meat to consumers in December 2020. Multiple alternative protein start-ups set up in Singapore—growing industry. Affordable food for everyone? Singapore’s traditional food culture? 27 © 2021 Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. All Rights Reserved.  Stop and Think Will lab-grown meat help us: feed the growing population more sustainably? eradicate hunger in the world? promote economic growth and livelihoods, in Singapore vs. Indonesia? be healthy? mitigate climate change and reduce environmental destruction? reduce social injustice between countries in the global food system? 28 © 2021 Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. All Rights Reserved.  29 © 2021 Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. All Rights Reserved.