Sustainable Development Goals and Food Security Week 13-15 PDF

Sustainable Development and Global Food Security Week 13-15 Intended Learning Outcomes (ILO) At the end of the weeks, students should be able to: a. determine the significance of sustainable development in a globalized world b. differentiate the concept of stability from susta...

Sustainable Development and Global Food Security Week 13-15 Intended Learning Outcomes (ILO) At the end of the weeks, students should be able to: a. determine the significance of sustainable development in a globalized world b. differentiate the concept of stability from sustainability c. explain food security as a way to eradicate poverty and hunger; d. categorize the issues and challenges of food security and their solutions e. synthesize the concept of food security as part of sustainable development WHAT DO YOU KNOW ABOUT… Sustainable Development Goals? Food Security? International Trade? SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND GLOBAL FOOD SECURITY SOC101: THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD  SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT - Sustainable Development has been defined in many ways, but the most frequently quoted definition, is from Our Common Future, also known as the Brundtland Report: Sustainable development means, it is the development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs."  Sustainable Development World Commission on the Environment and Development (WCED) outlined critical objectives for environment and development policies 1. Reviving growth 2. Changing the quality of growth 3. Meeting essential needs for jobs, foods, energy, water, and sanitation 4. Ensuring a sustainable level of population 5. Conserving and enhancing the resource base 6. Reorienting technology and managing risks 7. Merging environment and economics in decision –making  Towards a Sustainable World Governments and scholars have laid efforts in attempt to attain sustainable development. In this era of unrelenting challenges in politics, society, and particularly the environment (climate change, waste disposal, biodiversity, forestry and the like) Governments have been challenged to come up with ways to develop their communities without exploiting the natural resources , and to craft policies that help achieve this goal. The welfare of the people must also be in constant consideration in terms of development.  United Nations “Sustainable Development Goals” United Nations (UN) often cites Agenda 21 of 1992, its Sustainable Development Knowledge Platform, where the topic is put forth in discussions. Since then, countries all over the world have integrated this action plan of the UN in their respective governments.  UN CONFERENCE ON ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT 1992 ❑ United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), by name Earth Summit, conference held at Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (June 3–14, 1992). The main outcomes of Earth Summit were: ❑ The Rio which recognized the right of states Declaration, development and contained 27 to sustainable principles economic development and of ❑ social Endorsement of the Forest Principles, which recognized the importance of forests for economic and social development, indigenous communities, biodiversity and maintaining ecological processes.  THE MAIN OUTCOMES OF EARTH SUMMIT WERE: (CONTINUATION) ❑ The signing of the Convention on Biological Diversity and the Framework Convention on Climate Change ❑ Agenda 21, which was a voluntary sustainable development plan of action, for implementation by national, regional, and local governments. This contained a wide range of program areas focused on social and economic development, environmental protection and enhancement and encouraging participation from communities, NGOs and groups identified by UN as under- represented in decision-making including women, children, and indigenous communities.  UN FRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON CLIMATE CHANGE ❑ An international environmental treaty adopted on 9 May 1992 and opened for signature at the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro from 3 to 14 June 1992, with its objective is to “stabilize greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent interference with the climate dangerous anthropogenic system”. ❑ Kyoto Protocol ❑ an extends international treaty which the 1992 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) that commits state parties to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, based on the scientific consensus that (part one) global warming is occurring and (part two) it is extremely likely that human-made CO2 emissions have predominantly caused it. The Kyoto Protocol was adopted in Kyoto, Japan on 11 December 1997 and entered into force on 16 February 2005.  SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS  The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) or Global Goals for Sustainable Development of Goals for Sustainable Development are a collection of 17 global goals set by the United Nations Development Programme.  The formal name for the SDGs is “Transforming our World: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development” which has been shortened to 2030 Agenda.  The SDGs cover social and economic development issues including poverty, hunger, health, education, global warming, gender equality, water, sanitation, energy, urbanization, environment and social justice.  History  The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), also known as the Global Goals, were adopted by the United Nations in 2015 as a universal call to action to end poverty, protect the planet, and ensure that by 2030 all people enjoy peace and prosperity.  The 17 SDGs are integrated—they recognize that action in one area will affect outcomes in others, and that development must balance social, economic and environmental sustainability.  Countries have committed to prioritize progress for those who're furthest behind. The SDGs are designed to end poverty, hunger, AIDS, and discrimination against women and girls.  History  The creativity, knowhow, technology and financial resources from all of society is necessary to achieve the SDGs in every context.  The SDGs build on decades of work by countries and the UN, including the UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs  In June 1992, at the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, more than 178 countries adopted Agenda 21, a comprehensive plan of action to build a global partnership for sustainable development to improve human lives and protect the environment.  Member States unanimously adopted the Millennium Declaration at the Millennium Summit in September 2000 at UN Headquarters in New York. The Summit led to the elaboration of eight Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) to reduce extreme poverty by 2015.  SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS 3 MAIN PILLARS (PLUS 1 NEW): 1. Economic growth 2. Environmental protection 3. Social equality 4. Good governance (new under SDGs)  SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS 1. NO POVERTY ❑ End poverty in all its forms everywhere. 2. ZERO HUNGER ❑ End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture. 3. GOOD HEALTH AND WELL-BEING ❑ Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages. 4. QUALITY EDUCATION ❑ Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all. 5. GENDER EQUALITY ❑ Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls. 6. CLEAN WATER AND SANITATION ❑ Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all. 7. AFFORDABLE AND CLEAN ENERGY ❑ Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all. 8. DECENT WORK AND ECONOMIC GROWTH ❑ Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all. 9. INDUSTRY, INNOVATION AND INFRASTRUCTURE ❑ Build resilient infrastructure, and promote sustainable inclusive industrialization and foster innovation. 10. REDUCED INEQUALITIES ❑ Reduce inequality within and among countries. 11. SUSTAINABLE CITIES AND COMMUNITIES ❑ Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable. 12. RESPONSIBLE CONSUMPTION AND PRODUCTION ❑ Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns. 13. CLIMATE ACTION ❑ Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts. 14. LIFE BELOW WATER ❑ Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas, and marine resources for sustainable development. 15. LIFE ON LAND ❑ Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat desertification and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss. 16. PEACE, JUSTICE AND STRONG INSTITUTIONS ❑ Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels. 17. PARTNERSHIP FOR THE GOALS ❑ Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the global partnership for sustainable development.  A vital resource for human, regardless of race, nationality, religious affiliation, economic status or educational attainment. IT IS FOOD. It is a basic necessity for survival. Therefore, it is important for nations to secure a constant supply of food for the consumption of people. GLOBAL FOOD SECURITY SOC101: THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD  Food security, defined as the "physical and economic access, at all times, to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food for people to meet their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life" (Swaminathan, 2003)  Food security is a worldwide issue which must be given considerable attention. Food security challenges countries with large populations such as China and India. With the growing and persistent demand for food on both the local and international scale, the agricultural sector and food corporations in a nation must be able to meet demands by increasing production capacity and overall productivity.  Rationing of food, especially in developing or underdeveloped countries, is also a solution to address food security issues, although this solution can lead to even more problems. It may ultimately worsen food security as in the experience of India with its targeted Public Distribution System (PDS) in the 1990s (Swaminathan, 2003). QUICK FACTS AND STATISTICS ABOUT FOOD SECURITY ❑ Food insecurity is measured in the United States by questions in the Census Bureau's Current Population Survey. ❑ Diseases affecting livestock or crops can have devastating effects on food availability especially if there are no contingency plans in place. ❑ FAO Food and Agriculture Organization reported that almost 870 million people were chronically undernourished in the years 2010-2012. ❑ The United States Department of Agriculture defines food insecurity as "limited or uncertain availability of nutritionally adequate and safe foods or limited or uncertain ability to acquire acceptable foods in socially acceptable ways." ❑ The 1996 World Summit on Food Security declared that "food should not be used as an instrument for political and economic pressure". ❑ 842 million people in the world do not have enough to eat. This number has fallen by 17 percent since 1990. ❑ One out of six children - roughly 100 million - in developing countries is underweight. ❑ Poor nutrition causes nearly half (45%) of deaths in children under five - 3.1 million children each year. ❑ The vast majority of hungry people (827 million) live in developing countries, where 14.3 percent of the population is undernourished. ❑ If women farmers had the same access to resources as men, the number of hungry in the world could be reduced by up to 150 million. ❑ Asia has the largest number of hungry people (over 500 million) but Sub- Saharan Africa has the highest prevalence (24.8 percent of population). ❑ 66 million primary school-age children attend classes hungry across the developing world, with 23 million in Africa alone. ❑ One in four of the world's children are stunted. In developing countries the proportion can rise to one in three. ❑ 80 percent of the world's stunted children live in just 20 countries.  INTERNATIONAL TRADE - is viewed as a solution to potentially dampen the blows on food security in nations. While relatively poor countries can benefit from international trade by receiving subsidies from rich countries, the latter will be pressured to increase food production capabilities. Rich countries may also struggle with handling food security issues at the domestic and the foreign level (Kannan, Mahendra Dev, & Narain Sharma, 2000).  Economic and agricultural reforms have proven viable in addressing food security issues like in the case of China, one of the most populated countries in the world. In 1978, China began reforms in these sectors to ensure food security for the country and its people. Nutrition-wise, China was able to reduce the number of undernourished people by seventy million from 1990 to 2000 (Jiang, 2008). Both grain production and household income increased, creating a synchronized and self- sufficient domestic environment. Couple these with relevant market and pricing policies, domestic food security can be relatively achieved at a considerable degree.  One of the contributing factors that further cripples and weakens food security both on a domestic and international level is armed conflict. In the recent decades, internal strife has debilitated food production and supplies in countries such as Israel, Turkey, and Syria. Armed groups against a legitimate government target to prevent, seize, and/or destroy food aid that is intended for government armed forces.  Farmers are also driven away from their lands because of conflict, and production is then halted (Choen, Pinstrup-Andersen, 1999). The effects of these circumstances also spill over to neighboring countries due to international trade.  Conversely, hunger also leads to conflict and, as mentioned, leads to an increased shortage in food. Food shortage is not only limited to rural areas but is also an issue plaguing urban sectors especially in countries with internal conflicts. Lack of food was one of the factors that ignited the French Revolution of 1789 (Choen, Pinstrup-Andersen, 1999) and somehow is resembled by the Venezuelan food crisis in the present era.  Indeed, food plays an integral role in maintaining a healthy, functioning, and even peaceful domestic and international environment.  Therefore, food security must be one of the priorities of any government in the world. Ensuring that the economy of a country can weather downturns will help cushion the adverse effects of food security issues.  Establishing an international network with countries that can respond to the food security challenges of other countries is a goal that all members of the international community must strive for.  GLOBAL FOOD SECURITY FACTS TO PONDER UPON ❑ Every year 1.3 billion tons of food for human consumption, or nearly 1/3 of food produced in the world, gets wasted or lost. This quantity amounts to USD 680 billion in developed countries and USD 310 billion in developing countries; ❑ Developed and developing countries relatively dissipate the same quantities of food-670 million tons and 630 million tons respectively;  GLOBAL FOOD SECURITY FACTS TO PONDER UPON ❑ Consumers in rich countries waste about 222 million tons of food each year, which is almost as much as the net food production of the entire sub-Sahara Africa; i.e., 230 million tons; and ❑ In Europe and North America, around 95-115 kg of food is wasted per capita per year; whereas in sub-Sahara Africa, South and Southeast Asia, food waste equals 6-11 kg. per year. (FAO)  GLOBAL FOOD SECURITY ❑ Defined as the availability of food and one's access to it. ❑ “Availability at all times of adequate world food supplies of basic foodstuffs to sustain a steady expansion of food consumption and to offset fluctuations in production and prices.” -1974 World Food Summit ❑ “Ensuring that all people at all times have both physical and economic access to the basic food that they need.” –UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), 1983 ❑ “Access of all people at all times to enough food for an active, healthy life.” –World Bank report “Poverty and Hunger”, 1986  GLOBAL FOOD SECURITY ❑ “Food security, at the individual, household, national, regional and global levels [is achieved] when all people, at all times, have physical and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food to meet their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life.” -1996 World Food Summit ❑ “Food security [is] a situation that exists when all people, at all times, have physical, social, economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food that meets their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life.” –The State of Food Insecurity, 2001 ❑ The concept of food security is defined as including both physical and economic access to food that meets people's dietary needs as well as their food preferences.  MEASUREMENT ❑ Food security can be measured by calorie intake per person per day, available on a household budget. In general the objective of food security indicators and measures is to capture some or all of the main components of food security in terms of food availability, access and utilization or adequacy. ❑ Several measures have been developed that aim to capture the access component of food security, with some notable examples developed by the USAID-funded Food and Nutrition Technical Assistance (FANTA) project, collaborating with Cornell and Tufts University and Africare and World Vision. These include: Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS) – continuous measure of the degree of food insecurity (access) in the household in the previous month Household Dietary Diversity Scale (HDDS) – measures the number of different food groups consumed over a specific reference period (24hrs/48hrs/7days)...continuation Household Hunger Scale (HHS)- measures the experience of household food deprivation based on a set of predictable reactions, captured through a survey and summarized in a scale. Coping Strategies Index (CSI) – assesses household behaviors and rates them based on a set of varied established behaviors on how households cope with food shortages. ❑ The FAO, World Food Programme (WFP), and International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) collaborate to produce The State of Food Insecurity in the World. ❑ The 2012 edition described improvements made by the FAO to the prevalence of undernourishment (PoU) indicator that is used to measure rates of food insecurity. ❑ New features include revised minimum dietary energy requirements for individual countries, updates to the world population data, and estimates of food losses in retail distribution for each country. ❑ Measurements that factor into the indicator include dietary energy supply, food production, food prices, food expenditures, and volatility of the food system.  EXAMPLES OF FOOD INSECURITY ❑ Food insecurity exists when people do not have adequate physical, social or economic access to food as defined above. ❑ Famines have been frequent in world history. Some have killed millions and substantially diminished the population of a large area. The most common causes have been drought and war, but the greatest famines in history were caused by economic policy.  WORLD SUMMIT ON FOOD SECURITY ❑ The World Summit on Food Security, held in Rome in 1996, aimed to renew a global commitment to the fight against hunger. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) called the summit in response to widespread under- nutrition and growing concern about the capacity of agriculture to meet future food needs. The conference produced two key documents, the Rome Declaration on World Food Security and the World Food Summit Plan of Action. ❑ The Rome Declaration called for the members of the United Nations to work to halve the number of chronically undernourished people on the Earth by the year 2015. Plan of Action set a number of targets for government and non- organizations forachieving food governmental security, at the individual, regional and global levels. household, national, ❑ Another World Summit on Food Security took place at the FAO's headquarters in Rome between November 16 and 18, 2009. The decision to convene the summit was taken by the Council of FAO in June 2009, at the proposal of FAO Director-General Dr Jacques Diouf. Heads of state and government attended this summit. FOUR PILLARS OF FOOD SECURITY  AVAILABILITY   ACCESS,   UTILIZATION   STABILITY)  FOUR PILLARS OF FOOD ( SECURITY 1. AVAILABILITY ❑ Food availability relates to the supply of food through production, distribution, and exchange. ❑ Food production is determined by a variety of factors including land ownership and use; soil management; crop selection, breeding, and management; livestock breeding and management; and harvesting. ❑ Crop production can be affected by changes in rainfall and temperatures. The use of land, water, and energy to grow food often competes with other uses, which can affect food production. ❑ Land used for agriculture can be used for urbanization or lost to desertification, salinization, and soil erosion due to unsustainable agricultural practices. ❑ Crop production is not required for a country to achieve food security. Because food consumers outnumber producers in every country, food must be distributed to different regions or nations.  FOUR PILLARS OF FOOD SECURITY …continuation (AVAILABILITY, ACCESS, UTILIZATION, STABILITY) ❑ Food distribution involves the storage, processing, transport, packaging, and marketing of food. ❑ Food-chain infrastructure and storage technologies on farms can also affect the amount of food wasted in the distribution process. Poor transport infrastructure can increase the price of supplying water and fertilizer as well as the price of moving food to national and global markets. ❑ Around the world, few individuals or households are continuously self- reliant for food. This creates the need for a bartering, exchange, or cash economy to acquire food. ❑ The exchange of food requires efficient trading systems and market institutions, which can affect food security. ❑ Per capita world food supplies are more than adequate to provide food security to all, and thus food accessibility is a greater barrier to achieving food security.  FOUR PILLARS OF FOOD SECURITY (AVAILABILITY, ACCESS, UTILIZATION, STABILITY) 2. ACCESS ❑ Food access refers to the affordability and allocation of food, as well as the preferences of individuals and households. ❑ The UN Committee on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights noted that the causes of hunger and malnutrition are often not a scarcity of food but an inability to access available food, usually due to poverty. ❑ Poverty can limit access to food, and can also increase how vulnerable an individual or household is to food price spikes. ❑ Access depends on whether the household has enough income to purchase food at prevailing prices or has sufficient land and other resources to grow its own food. ❑ Households with enough resources can overcome unstable harvests and local food shortages and maintain their access to food. …continuation ❑ There are two distinct types of access to food: ❑ Direct Access - in which a household produces food using human and material resources ❑ Economic Access - in which a household purchases food produced elsewhere. ❑ Location can affect access to food and which type of access a family will rely on. The assets of a household, including income, land, products of labor, inheritances, and gifts can determine a household's access to food. However, the ability to access sufficient food may not lead to the purchase of food over other materials and services. ❑ Demographics and education levels of members of the household as well as the gender of the household head determine the preferences of the household, which influences the type of food that are purchased. ❑ A household's access to enough and nutritious food may not assure adequate food intake of all household members, as intrahousehold food allocation may not sufficiently meet the requirements of each member of the household.  3. UTILIZATION ❑ The next pillar of food security is food utilization, which refers to the metabolism of food by individuals. Once food is obtained by a household, a variety of factors affect the quantity and quality of food that reaches members of the household. ❑ In order to achieve food security, the food ingested must be safe and must be enough to meet the physiological requirements of each individual. Food safety affects food utilization, and can be affected by the preparation, processing, and cooking of food in the community and household. ❑ Nutritional values of the household determine food choice, and whether food meets cultural preferences is important to utilization in terms of psychological and social well- being. ❑ Access to healthcare is another determinant of food utilization, since the health of individuals controls how the food is metabolized. For example, intestinal parasites can take nutrients from the body and decrease food utilization. ❑ Sanitation can also decrease the occurrence and spread of diseases that can affect food utilization. ❑ Education about nutrition and food preparation can affect food utilization and improve this pillar of food security.  4. STABILITY ❑ Food stability refers to the ability to obtain food over time. Food insecurity can be transitory, seasonal, or chronic. In transitory food insecurity, food may be unavailable during certain periods of time. At the food production level, natural disasters and drought result in crop failure and decreased food availability. Civil conflicts can also decrease access to food. Instability in markets resulting in food-price spikes can cause transitory food insecurity. Other factors that can temporarily cause food insecurity are loss of employment or productivity, which can be caused by illness. Seasonal food insecurity can result from the regular pattern of growing seasons in food production. ❑ Chronic (or permanent) food insecurity is defined as the long-term, persistent lack of adequate food. In this case, households are constantly at risk of being unable to acquire food to meet the needs of all members. Chronic and transitory food insecurity are linked, since the reoccurrence of transitory food security can make households more vulnerable to chronic food insecurity.  EFFECTS OF FOOD SECURITY ❑ Famine hunger are both rooted in food insecurity. Chronic food insecurity translates into a high degree of vulnerability to famine and hunger. and ❑ Stunting and chronic nutritional deficiencies due to chronic hunger and malnutrition.  CHALLENGES IN ACHIEVING FOOD SECURITY ❑ GLOBAL WATER CRISIS ❑ LAND DEGREDATION ❑ CLIMATE CHANGE ❑ AGRICULTURAL DISEASES ❑ FOOD VERSUS FUEL ❑ POLITICS ❑ FOOD SOVEREIGNTY  RISKS TO FOOD SECURITY ❑ POPULATION GROWTH ❑ FOSSIL FUEL DEPENDENCE ❑ HOMOGENITY IN GLOBAL FOOD SUPPLY ❑ PRICE SETTING ❑ LAND USE CHANGE ❑ GLOBAL CATASTROPHIC RISKS  SPECIALIZED AGENCIES ADDRESSING FOOD ISSUES Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) - the Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) was established as a specialized agency of the United Nations in 1945. One of FAO's strategic objectives is to help eliminate hunger, food insecurity, and malnutrition. World Food Programme (WFP) - founded in 1963, WFP is the lead UN agency that responds to food emergencies and has programmes to combat hunger worldwide. International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) - founded in 1977, IFAD focuses on rural poverty reduction, working with poor rural populations in developing countries to eliminate poverty, hunger, and malnutrition.  SPECIALIZED AGENCIES ADDRESSING FOOD ISSUES World Bank - founded in 1944, the World Bank is actively involved in funding food projects and programmes. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) - the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) was established in 1972 as the international arm providing guidance and governance to environmental issues. One of the topics that UNEP addresses currently is food security.  APPROACHES TO ACHIEVE FOOD SECURITY BY THE UNITED NATIONS ❑ ❑ The UN Millennium Development Goals are one of the initiatives aimed at achieving food security in the world. The first Millennium Development Goal states that the UN "is to eradicate extreme hunger and poverty" by 2015 BY THE FAO ❑ ❑ The FAO has proposed a "twin track" approach to fight food insecurity that combines sustainable development and short-term hunger relief. Development approaches include investing in rural markets and rural infrastructure. In general, the FAO proposes the use of public policies and programs that promote long-term economic growth that will benefit the poor. ❑  APPROACHES TO ACHIEVE FOOD SECURITY BY THE UNITED NATIONS ❑ ❑ The UN Millennium Development Goals are one of the initiatives aimed at achieving food security in the world. The first Millennium Development Goal states that the UN "is to eradicate extreme hunger and poverty" by 2015 BY THE FAO ❑ ❑ The FAO has proposed a "twin track" approach to fight food insecurity that combines sustainable development and short-term hunger relief. Development approaches include investing in rural markets and rural infrastructure. In general, the FAO proposes the use of public policies and programs that promote long-term economic growth that will benefit the poor. ❑  FOOD SECURITY AND END HUNGER  In April 2012, the Food Assistance Convention was signed, the world's first legally binding international agreement on food aid. The May 2012 Copenhagen Consensus recommended that efforts to combat hunger and malnutrition should be the first priority for politicians and private sector philanthropists looking to maximize the effectiveness of aid spending.  In 2013 Caritas International started a Caritas-wide initiative aimed at ending systemic hunger by 2025. The One human family, food for all campaign focuses on awareness raising, improving the effect of Caritas programs and advocating the implementation of the Right to Food.  GLOBAL PARTNERSHIPS TO ACHIEVE FOOD SECURITY AND END HUNGER ❑ The partnership Compact2025, led by IFPRI with the involvement of UN organizations, NGOs and private foundations develops and disseminates evidence- based advice to politicians and other decision-makers aimed at ending hunger and undernutrition in the coming 10 years, by 2025. It bases its claim that hunger can be ended by 2025 on a report by Shenggen Fan and Paul Polman that analyzed the experiences from China, Vietnam, Brazil and Thailand and concludes that eliminating hunger and undernutrition was possible by 2025.  GLOBAL PARTNERSHIPS TO ACHIEVE FOOD SECURITY AND END HUNGER ❑ In June 2015, the European Union and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation have launched a partnership to combat undernutrition especially in children. The program will initially be implemented in Bangladesh, Burundi, Ethiopia, Kenya, Laos and Niger and will help these countries to improve information and analysis about nutrition so they can develop effective national nutrition policies. ❑ The Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN has created a partnership that will act through the African Union's CAADP framework aiming to end hunger in Africa by 2025. It includes different interventions including support for improved food production, a strengthening of social protection and integration of the Right to Food into national legislation. RESOURCES ❑ https://www.disabled-world.com/fitness/nutrition/foodsecurity/ ❑ http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/y4671e/y4671e06.htm ❑ https://research.un.org/en/foodsecurity/key-un-bodies ❑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization ❑ https://foodtank.com/news/2017/09/17-organizations-fighting-hunger/ ❑ http://www.fao.org/state-of-food-security-nutrition/en/ ❑ http://www.fao.org/cfs/home/products/onlinegsf/1/tr/ ❑ https://www.peacecorps.gov/educators/resources/global-issues-food-security/ ❑ http://www.futureearth.org/themes/global-sustainable-development ❑ http://www.sd-commission.org.uk/pages/what-is-sustainable-development.html ❑ https://www.iisd.org/topic/sustainable-development ❑ http://www.sd-commission.org.uk/pages/history_sd.html ❑ https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2016/01/food-security-and-why-it-matters/ ❑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brundtland_Commission ❑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agenda_21 ❑ https://www.britannica.com/event/United-Nations-Conference-on-Environment-and-Developm