Food Security Overview PDF

Food security and comprehensive approaches to assessment: Overview in IPC Krystel Ouaijan, RD, PhD  Right to Food 1948 1996 Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948:...

Food security and comprehensive approaches to assessment: Overview in IPC Krystel Ouaijan, RD, PhD  Right to Food 1948 1996 Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948: World Food Summit: “Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for 185 nations ratified the Rome Declaration on World Food the health and well-being of himself and his family, including Security food, clothing, housing...”. International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights: The right has sbeen reaffirmed by 156 countries 1966 What is Food Security? Food security exists when all people, at all times, have physical and economic access to sufficient safe and nutritious food that meets their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life. - 1996 World Food Summit  Food Security Today https://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=_ddcjQf7OY0  Defintions Food Security Food Insecurity Access by all people at all times to sufficient food for an Limited or uncertain active and healthy life, includes ability to acquire or at a minimum the ready availability of nutritionally consume an adequate and safe foods and adequate quality or the ability to acquire them in socially acceptable ways sufficient quantity of (without resorting to selling food in socially livelihood assets and other coping strategies) acceptable ways  Access to Nutritious Food FOOD SHOULD BE FOOD SHOULD BE FOOD SHOULD BE AVAILABLE IN AVAILABLE IN CULTURALLY SUFFICIENT SUFFICIENT ACCEPTABLE QUANTITY QUALITY Perez-Escamilla. Current Developments in Nutrition 2017;1:e000513. Food Security, Food Quantity and Hunger  Food Security Duration Framework Dimensions Dimensions of Food Security Availability Accessibility Utilization Stability First Dimension: Availability Food availability addresses whether food is actually or potentially physically present for purchase or acquisition for consumption: Aspects of production Food reserves Imports Markets and transportation Key drivers: domestic food production, commercial imports, and food aid, policies on food production, agricultural subsidies, and trade Second Dimension: Accessibility Food accessibility addresses the process households will access food through different sources and whether this will be sufficient. Physical access Financial access Social access Key Drivers: Include household resources, food prices, preferences, and socio-political factors like gender inequality. Third Dimension: Utilization Food utilization addresses if households are fully utilizing the accessible food for an adequate nutrition and energy intake: Preferences Preparation Storage Access to an adequate quantity and quality of water Body's ability to absorb nutrients Key drivers: Household Income, preferences for food, health status and access to health services, environment resources Fourth Dimension: Stability Food stability answers if whether the whole system is stable and the effect of sources of instability Climatic factor Economic factor Social factor Political factor  Stability Vulnerabilit y Resilience Pieters et al. Conceptual framework for the analysis of the determinants of food and nutrition security, 2013  Vulnerability Definition: Vulnerability in food security refers to the susceptibility of households to immediate negative shocks that can disrupt their access to, or availability of food. Factors: Includes sudden economic downturns, job loss, natural disasters, or health crises. Immediate Impact: These shocks can lead to immediate food shortages, loss of income, and increased food prices, directly affecting household food access. Livelihood strategies are a major determinant of the degree of vulnerability of the household Pieters et al. Conceptual framework for the analysis of the determinants of food and nutrition security, 2013  Livelihood A livelihood comprises the capabilities, comprised of assets (including both material and social resources) and activities used by a household for means of living. A households’ livelihood is secure, when it can cope with and recover from stresses and shocks, and maintain or enhance its capabilities and productive asset base. Pieters et al. Conceptual framework for the analysis of the determinants of food and nutrition security, 2013  Coping Strategies Food related: Livelihood: Change to cheaper, lower-quality Reduce expenditure on non and less-preferred foods essential health services Reduce meal size and frequency Reduce expenditure on essential health services Ruel, M. 2023. Food Security and Nutrition: Linkages and Complementarities. Livelihood change If households have difficulties in securing enough food, they may engage in unsustainable strategies: Decreasing Decreasing Selling expenditure Dangerous expenditure Begging assets on work on health education  Resilience Definition: Time needed for a household to regain pre- shock well-being status. Resilience vs. Vulnerability: Focuses on recovery time rather than the probability of becoming food insecure. Strategies for Resilience: Insuring food availability choices and alternative economic activities Pieters et al. Conceptual framework for the analysis of the determinants of food and nutrition security, 2013  Coping is the core of the defintion of food security Ruel, M. 2023. Food Security and Nutrition: Linkages and Complementarities.  Dimensions of Food Security For food security objectives to be realized, all four dimensions must be fulfilled simultaneously. These 3 dimensions should be stable over time and not be affected negatively by natural, social, economic or political factors. Duration of Food Insecurity Inadequate food consumption may vary from a short-term experience to a life long condition. Chronic food insecurity: Long- term or persistent Transitory or acute food insecurity: Short term and temporary  Duration of Food Insecurity Chronic Food Insecurity Occurs when people are unable to meet their minimum food requirements over a sustained period of time. Results from extended periods of poverty, lack of assets and inadequate access to productive or financial resources.  Duration of Food Insecurity Acute/Transitory Food Insecurity Occurs when there is a sudden drop in the ability to produce or access enough food to maintain a good nutritional status. Is relatively unpredictable and can emerge suddenly. Results from short-term shocks and fluctuations in food availability and food access Emergency context Dimensions and Duration can be put into a Framework The Analytical Framework is primarily divided into Contributing Factors and Outcomes Contributing Outcomes Factors manifested at Feedback household and area A.k.a. Drivers level E.g. E.g. Drought Food consumption Lack of resilience Livelihood change High prices Lack of income Malnutrition opportunities Useful for: Useful for: - Understanding what is driving the situation - Confirming and quantifying the severity and - Having an idea of the expected severity magnitude of food insecurity - Allowing inference of outcomes - Global comparability - Contextualizing, triangulating and validating outcomes Integrated Food Security Phase Classification Overview Common global scale International standard Result of a partnership for classifying the for classifying food of various organizations severity and magnitude insecurity and at the global, regional of food insecurity and malnutrition. and country. malnutrition. Approach to consolidate wide- Platform to ensure a ranging evidence to rigorous, neutral classify many analysis measurement tools NOT a tool to assess the impact of humanitarian or developmental assistance on food security and nutrition, nor to monitor the achievement of goals NOT a monitoring and evaluation tool  History of IPC https://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=wZ_F_4G9q6c The IPC Food Security Analytical Framework Analysis team is ready Multiple Stakeholders In-depth understanding of situtaion Food security experts Addition to global experts Reflection question What factors or key drivers have contributed to worseing food insecurity after the Beirut port exploaison? First Level Outcomes Food Consumption Livelihood Change Household Level Measurements Individual level is used as a proxy measure of the nutritional quality of an individual’s diet, the household level is used as a proxy measure of the socio- economic level of the household Should be answered by the person responsible of meal preparations  Measurements of Food Consumption in the Framework: Acute settings Household Food Household Dietary Diversity Consumption Hunger Scale Score HDDS Score FCS HHS Economic reduced Coping Household Capacity to Meet Strategies Index Economy Essential Needs rCSI Analysis HEA ECMEN https://resources.vam.wfp.org/data-analysis/quantitative/food-security/reduced-coping-strategies-index Household Dietary Diversity Score HDDS Indicator developed by Food The following set of 12 food and Nutrition Technical groups is used to calculate the Assistance (FANTA) and HDDS: promoted by FAO A. Cereals B. Root and tubers It aims to reflect the C. Vegetables economic ability of a D. Fruits household to access a E. Meat, poultry, offal F. Eggs variety of foods G. Fish and seafood It is based on households’ H. Pulses/legumes/nuts I. Milk and milk products J. Oil/fats self-reporting of the number K. Sugar/honey of food groups consumed in L. Miscellaneous the previous 24 hours Household Dietary Diversity Score HDDS Children have scale for 8 food groups  Food Consumption Score FCS WFP corporate indicator collected in all assessments and monitoring activities Three food Situations of high Composite score based on: consumption oil and sugar groups: consumption: Self-reported information on nine consumed food Poor ≤21 Poor ≤28 groups and food frequency (number of days food groups were consumed during the past seven Borderline 28 Borderline 35 days) Acceptable 35 Acceptable 42 Weighted by the ascribed relative nutritional importance of different food groups How many days over the last 7 days, did most members of your household (50% +) eat the following food items, inside or outside the home? Food Groups Food Items Weight Justification (definitive) (examples) Highest quality protein, easily absorbable micronutrients (no phytates), Meat, Fish & Beef, goat, poultry, pork, fish & 4 energy-dense, fat. Even when consumed in small quantities, Eggs eggs improvements to the quality of the diet are large. Highest quality protein, micro-nutrients, vitamin A, energy. However, milk Milk, yoghurt, cheese & other Milk 4 could be consumed only in very small amounts and should then be treated dairy products as condiment and therefore re-classification in such cases is needed. Legumes/nuts (e.g.: Beans, peas, Energy-dense, high amounts of protein but of lower quality (PER less) than Pulses lentils, nuts, soy, cowpea, 3 meats, micro-nutrients (inhibited by phytates), low fat. peanuts, &other nuts) Cereals, grains, roots & tubers Energy dense/usually eaten in larger quantities, protein content lower and (eg: maize, maize porridge, rice, Staples 2 poorer quality (PER17 less) than legumes, micro-nutrients (bound by sorghum, millet pasta, bread & phytates). other cereals), sweet potato, taro Vegetables Vegetables & leaves 1 Low energy, low protein, no fat, micro-nutrients Fruits Fruits 1 Low energy, low protein, no fat, micro-nutrients Energy dense but usually no other micro-nutrients. Usually consumed in Oil Oil/fat/butter 0.5 small quantities Sugar and sugar products, honey, Sugar 0.5 Empty calories. Usually consumed in small quantities. sweets Spices, tea, coffee, salt, fish These foods are by definition eaten in very small quantities and not Condiments powder, small amounts of milk for 0 considered to have an important impact on overall diet. tea.  Household Hunger Scale (HHS) Indicator developed by FANTA. Assesses whether households have experienced problems of food access in the preceding 30 days  Household Hunger Scale (HHS) Crisis level Response options: 0 = No 1 = Yes 1 = Rarely (1–2 times) 2 = Sometimes (3–10 times) 3 = Often (more than 10 times) reduced Coping Strategies Index rCSI Relied on less preferred, less expensive food Borrowed food or relied on help from friends or Experience-based relatives indicator collecting Developed by information on CARE household use Reduced the number of meals eaten per day International and and the frequency validated by of five different FANTA and WFP food-based coping strategies over the Reduced portion size of meals past 7 days. Restricted consumption by adults in order for small children to eat During the last 7 days, were there days (and, if so, how many) when your household Frequency (number had to employ one of the following strategies (to cope with a lack of food or money to Frequency x weight of days buy it)? Weight from 0 to 7) READ OUT STRATEGIES 1. Relied on less preferred, less expensive food 1 | _5_ | 5 2. Borrowed food or relied on help from friends or relatives 2 | _2_ | 4 3. Reduced the number of meals eaten per day 1 | _5_ | 5 4. Reduced portion size of meals 1 | _7_ | 7 5. Restricted consumption by adults in order for small children to eat 3 | _2_ | 6 rCSI 27 Minimal Stress: Crisis: stress: 4-18 =>19 0-3 Household Economy Analysis HEA HEA is a livelihood-based framework analyzing people across different social and economic backgrounds. Survival Threshold: Covers minimum food energy requirements (calories), costs of food preparation/consumption (e.g., salt, firewood, kerosene), and water expenditure for human consumption. Indicators that can be used in HEA The Engel Function: Food Expenditure As income increases, capacity Share: to purchase food regardless of price increases AND the